BIO 168 EXAM 3 MY STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED
A+)
**Give an example of the following types of joints:
a. Hinge
b. Planar
c. Saddle
d. Pivot
e. Ball and Socket - ANSWERa. elbow - olecranon
b. intervertebrals
c. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
d. antlantoaxial joint
e. glenohumeral, hip, shoulder
**A bundle of muscle fibers is called a ________________ and is surrounded by a
connective tissue layer called _______________________________. -
ANSWERFasicle; perimysium
3 different types of skeletal muscle fibers based on the predominant fiber type
present (ex. fast or slow). - ANSWERTYPE I: Slow Oxidative: resistant to fatigue;
smallest in diameter; lots of mitochondria and myoglobin; slow myosin ATPase/
contraction velocity
-posture muscles
TYPE IIA: Fast Oxidative: intermediate in diameter; lots of mitochondria and
myoglobin; fast myosin ATPase/ contraction velocity
TYPE IIB: Fast Glycolytic: fatigue rapidly; largest in diameter; fast myosin ATPase/
contraction velocity
-rapid movement muscles like biceps
**Describe the four spinal curvatures. Include what causes the two secondary
curvatures to form. - ANSWERCervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
Cervical: holding head up as baby
Lumbar: learning to walk
**Describe flexion, extension, and hyperextension. - ANSWERFlexion: decrease
angle of bend between limbs 90 degrees, muscle appears to shorten, bringing the
muscle closer.
Extension: increase angle of bend between limbs; lengthening the muscle 180
degrees
Hyperextension: angle of bend bigger than normal, more than 180 degrees
, **The radius and ulna are connected by the ______________________ membrane.
- ANSWERinterosseous
Name the four sutures of the skull and the bones that meet at each. - ANSWER1.
Coronal Suture= Frontal + L/R Parietals
2. Sagittal Suture = L/R Parietals
3. Squamous Suture = lower L/R Parietal + Temporal
4. Lamdoidal Suture = Occipital + Parietals
Name the bones and their specific parts that make up the zygomatic arch. -
ANSWERTemporal Process of the Zygomatic Bone and the Zygomatic Process of
the Temporal bone.
The major parts of the ethmoid bone are the _________________ and the
________________. - ANSWERCribiform Plate; Crista Galli
**The action potential is spread from the sarcolemma by the _______________ to
the sarcoplasmic reticulum where it causes _____________________________. -
ANSWERT tubules; a release of Ca2+
**How does smooth muscle contraction differ from that of skeletal muscle? -
ANSWERSmooth Muscle:
- Involuntary
- no sarcomeres
- no motor neurons
- no troponin
- Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
- no t tubules
- Ca2+ dissolves more slowly
- slower crossbridge formation
- smaller in diameter and shorter compared to skeletal muscles
**Increasing the frequency of stimulation of muscles results first in _____________
and if the frequency is fast enough, it eventually results in ____________. -
ANSWERTreppe: "staircase" increase in tension production after repeated muscle
simulation is applied to a rested muscle
Tetany: Increasing the frequency of stimulation of muscle fibers where they don't
completely relax before the next stimulus hits
**Contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. - ANSWEROsteoarthritis: due to
age; degeneration of articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder that attacks synovial membrane
**_______________ prevents the binding of myosin to ________ until Ca2+ binds
_______________. - ANSWERTropomyosin; actin; troponin C
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED
A+)
**Give an example of the following types of joints:
a. Hinge
b. Planar
c. Saddle
d. Pivot
e. Ball and Socket - ANSWERa. elbow - olecranon
b. intervertebrals
c. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
d. antlantoaxial joint
e. glenohumeral, hip, shoulder
**A bundle of muscle fibers is called a ________________ and is surrounded by a
connective tissue layer called _______________________________. -
ANSWERFasicle; perimysium
3 different types of skeletal muscle fibers based on the predominant fiber type
present (ex. fast or slow). - ANSWERTYPE I: Slow Oxidative: resistant to fatigue;
smallest in diameter; lots of mitochondria and myoglobin; slow myosin ATPase/
contraction velocity
-posture muscles
TYPE IIA: Fast Oxidative: intermediate in diameter; lots of mitochondria and
myoglobin; fast myosin ATPase/ contraction velocity
TYPE IIB: Fast Glycolytic: fatigue rapidly; largest in diameter; fast myosin ATPase/
contraction velocity
-rapid movement muscles like biceps
**Describe the four spinal curvatures. Include what causes the two secondary
curvatures to form. - ANSWERCervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
Cervical: holding head up as baby
Lumbar: learning to walk
**Describe flexion, extension, and hyperextension. - ANSWERFlexion: decrease
angle of bend between limbs 90 degrees, muscle appears to shorten, bringing the
muscle closer.
Extension: increase angle of bend between limbs; lengthening the muscle 180
degrees
Hyperextension: angle of bend bigger than normal, more than 180 degrees
, **The radius and ulna are connected by the ______________________ membrane.
- ANSWERinterosseous
Name the four sutures of the skull and the bones that meet at each. - ANSWER1.
Coronal Suture= Frontal + L/R Parietals
2. Sagittal Suture = L/R Parietals
3. Squamous Suture = lower L/R Parietal + Temporal
4. Lamdoidal Suture = Occipital + Parietals
Name the bones and their specific parts that make up the zygomatic arch. -
ANSWERTemporal Process of the Zygomatic Bone and the Zygomatic Process of
the Temporal bone.
The major parts of the ethmoid bone are the _________________ and the
________________. - ANSWERCribiform Plate; Crista Galli
**The action potential is spread from the sarcolemma by the _______________ to
the sarcoplasmic reticulum where it causes _____________________________. -
ANSWERT tubules; a release of Ca2+
**How does smooth muscle contraction differ from that of skeletal muscle? -
ANSWERSmooth Muscle:
- Involuntary
- no sarcomeres
- no motor neurons
- no troponin
- Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
- no t tubules
- Ca2+ dissolves more slowly
- slower crossbridge formation
- smaller in diameter and shorter compared to skeletal muscles
**Increasing the frequency of stimulation of muscles results first in _____________
and if the frequency is fast enough, it eventually results in ____________. -
ANSWERTreppe: "staircase" increase in tension production after repeated muscle
simulation is applied to a rested muscle
Tetany: Increasing the frequency of stimulation of muscle fibers where they don't
completely relax before the next stimulus hits
**Contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. - ANSWEROsteoarthritis: due to
age; degeneration of articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder that attacks synovial membrane
**_______________ prevents the binding of myosin to ________ until Ca2+ binds
_______________. - ANSWERTropomyosin; actin; troponin C
