ASNT PT LEVEL II EXAM 2025

ASNT PT LEVEL II EXAM 2025 Contain a colored (usually red) dye - -Visible dye Penetrant Contain a combination of visible and fluorescent dyes - -Dual Sensitivity Penetrants Which process contains penetrants that are either self-emulsifying or removable with plain water? - -Water-washable Process that requires a separate emulsifier to make the penetrant water washable - Post-Emulsified Penetrants Method where penetrants must be removed with a solvent which is typical when using visible dye in pressurized spray cans. - -Solvent-removable penetrants Penetrant testing is limited by its inability to test materials that have what types of discontinuities? - -Continuities that: -Are not open to the surface -Have an extremely porous surface This cleaning method is particularly effective in the removal of oil, grease, and similar organic contamination. - -Vapor degreasing This cleaning method is particularly adaptable to the cleaning of large, unwieldy articles. - -Steam Cleaning This cleaning method is effective for use on articles that have been ground or machined. This process uses an acid or an alkaline solution to open up grinding burrs and remove metal from surface discontinuities. - -Etching Contain an emulsifying agent which makes them easily removable by a water rinse or wash. This penetrant material can be obtained with either a visible or fluorescent dye. - Water-washable penetrants Highly penetrating, oily visible or fluorescent penetrants which are not soluble in water. - -Post-emulsifiable penetrants Oily penetrants that do not contain an emulsifying agent - -Solvent-removable penetrants When applied to a penetrant-coated specimen, make the resultant mixture removable by water rinse or wash. (they have low penetrant characteristics) - -Emulsifiers ASNT ASNT A fluffy, absorbent white powder, that is used in both fluorescent and visible dye penetrant tests. - -Dry developers type of developer where the developer powder is mixed with a rapid-drying liquid solvent - -Non-aqueous wet developer Must be used when articles inspected are subjected to contact with either liquid or gaseous oxygen. - -Liquid oxygen (LOX) compatible materials Liquid penetrant place on the surface of a specimen does not merely seep into discontinuities, it is pulled into them by what? - -Capillary action What are some methods of penetrant application? - -Spraying Brushing Immersion Pouring The period of time during which the penetrant is permitted to remain on the specimen - Dwell Time Which penetrant is preferred for use on articles with a rough surface or one that contains threads or keyways? - -Water-washable penetrant What is the main disadvantage of water-washable penetrants? - -Poor reliability in detecting wide or shallow discontinuities Which penetrant method is difficult to use on rough surfaces, such as cast magnesium? - -Solvent removable penetrant This penetrant has a very high sensitivity for very fine discontinuities, but is difficult to remove from threads, keyways, blind holes, and rough surfaces - -Post-emulsification The use of liquid penetrant in this method is suited for finding leaks in such articles as tanks, piping, tubing, and hollow castings. - -Leak-through technique The temperature of the oven should not exceed ______ Degrees F, as this could evaporate penetrant in the discontinuity - -225 Degrees Fahrenheit What is the most common source of false indications? - -Poor washing What are the five basic categories of 'True Indications'? - -1. Continuous Line 2. Intermittent Line 3. Round 4. Small dots 5. Diffused or weak ASNT ASNT This type of indication is often caused by cracks, cold shuts, forging laps, scratches, or die marks - -Continuous Line Indications that could be caused by any tight discontinuities where the part had been peened, machined, or grounded. - -Intermittent Line These types indications are usually caused by porosity open to the surface. - -Round indications Tiny indications caused by the porous nature of the specimen, coarse grain structure, or microshrinkage. - -Small dots These indications are difficult to interpret and often the part must be cleaned and retested - -Diffused or weak These provide a good means of evaluating general purpose penetrants. They should be used for COMPARISONS ONLY and not for absolute evaluations. - -Aluminum test blocks These are heated and quenched to produce and overall crack pattern. The size of the cracks are uncontrolled. - -Aluminum Test Blocks A small sample of testing penetrant, along with new penetrant are each visually observed separately. - -Sensitivity Test A practical test for evaluating the dye concentration in thin-liquid films - -Meniscus Test During a meniscus test, a measure of film thickness is provided by: - -The diameter of "spot" Consists of comparing two sides of an unglazed disc which has thousands of micropores and cracks on its surface for the purpose of checking test penetrant usability. - -Ceramic block test 100 ML of penetrant is placed in a boiling flask with a similar quantity of moisture-free XYELENE. The condensate is collected in a graduated tube to show what? (ASTM standard D-95) - -Percent of water by volume (water content test) A Viscometer tube is used to measure the the viscosity in centistokes to determine if penetrant is within range. Typical standard is ASTM D-445 - -Viscosity Test During this test, half a block (with penetrant on both halves) is exposed to standard black light for one hour, while the other half is covered with paper. The brilliance of both sides is observed. - -Fade test ASNT ASNT During this test, a steel block is placed at a 75 degree angle and two blends are allowed to flow separately down the block. After 5 minutes, the block is washed and checked for traces of remaining penetrant. - -Water washability test Wet developers are often checked using what tool that measures density? - Hydrometer What are the three general categories of discontinuities? - -Inherent Processing Service These continuities are usually related to discontinuities found in the molten metal - Inherent Discontinuities that related to the melting and solidification of the original ingot before it is formed into slabs, blooms, and billets - -Inherent Wrought Discontinuities discontinuities that related to the melting, casting, and solidification of a cast article. Usually caused by inadequate feeding, gating, excessing pouring, temp., and entrapped gas. - -Inherent cast discontinuities These discontinuities are usually related to various manufacturing processes such as machining, forming, extruding, rolling, welding, heat treating, and plating - -Processing discontinuities These discontinuities are related to conditions such as stress corrosion, fatigue, and erosion - -Service discontinuities What are the three main types of discontinuities found in ingots? - -Porosity Non-metallic Inclusions Pipe Caused by entrapped gas in the molten metal - -Porosity Caused by impurities accidentally included in the molten metal - -Non-metallic inclusions Caused by shrinkage at the center of the ingot as the molten metal solidifies - -Pipe What is usually cropped off to remove discontinuities from ingots ? - -Hot Top As a billet is flattened and spread out, what discontinuity can be caused by other ingot discontinuities? - -Lamination As a billet is rolled into bar stock, Non-metallic inclusions are squeezed out to cause? - Stringers (longer and thinner discontinuities) ASNT ASNT As a billet is rolled into a round bar stock, surface irregularities may cause _______. They are caused by the folding of metal due to improper rolling or by a crack in the billet. - -Seams These discontinuities occur when metal is hammered or pressed into shape, usually when the metal is very hot - -Forging discontinuities Caused by folding of metal on the surface of forging, usually when some of the forging metal is squeezed out between two dies - -Forging Lap A rupture caused by forging at improper temperatures - -Forging Burst These occur when molten metal is poured into a mold and allowed to solidify. - -Casting Discontinuities Caused when molten metal is poured over solidified metal. - -Cold shut Occur when there is unequal shrinkage between light and heavy sections - -Hot tears (shrinkage cracks) Caused by the lack of enough molten metal to fill the space created by shrinkage, similar to pipe in the ingot - -Shrinkage cavities Can occur when molten metal must flow from a thin section into a thicker section of casting. Usually small subsurface holes that appear at the GATE of the casting - Microshrinkage Small holes at the surface of the casting caused by gas which comes from the mold itself - -Blow holes Many molds are made of _______. Which releases water when the molten metal comes into contact with the mold - -Sand Where do grinding cracks usually occur in reference to the rotation of the grinding wheel? - -Right angles Unequal cooling between light and heavy sections of metal after heating. - -Heat treat cracks These cracks have no specific direction and usually start at sharp corners which act as stress concentration points. - -Heat treat cracks Service-Type discontinuities that are usually open to the surface where they start from concentration points - -Fatigue cracks ASNT ASNT These are only possible after the part as been placed into service, but may be the result of porosity, inclusions, or other discontinuities in a highly stressed metal part - -Fatigue cracks Three types of welding crater cracks - -Star Transverse Longitudinal What is the most common type of contaminant found in penetrant fluid? - -Water What physical property determines the speed of which the penetrant will enter the flaw? - -Viscosity Why is it important to thoroughly clean components after a PT inspection? - -Alkaline content could result in surface pitting (particularly in moist areas) The penetrant indication for a cold shut on the surface of a casting would be: - -A dotted or smooth continuous line The penetrant indication for a forging lap would be: - -A continuous line How does developer aid in the detection of visible dye penetrant indications? - -By providing a contrasting background Which of the following methods for cleaning is most effective? -Vapor degreasing -Detergent Cleaning -Steam Cleaning -Solvent wiping - -Vapor Degreasing Fluorescent materials used in penetrants respond most actively to radiant energy, of a wavelength of approximately: - -3,650 Angstroms Why should excessive drying time of developer be avoided? - -A reduction in resolution may result Developing time depends on: - --Type of developer -Type of discontinuity to be detected For P.E. Penetration, The best length of time for the emulsifier to remain on the part when detecting SHALLOW, SCRATCH-LIKE discontinuities is: - -5 seconds When penetrant testing TITANIUM alloys, the materials used should not contain: - Halogenated solvents ASNT ASNT What is an important difference between non-water washable penetrants and water washable penetrants? - -Water-washable penetrants contain an emulsifier, while non water washable penetrants do not Which discontinuity might be found in sand castings? -Incomplete penetration -undercut -pipe -shrinkage - -Shrinkage Which of the following might be found in forging? -shrinkage cracks -laps -cold shuts -insufficient penetration - -Laps Which discontinuity might be found in rolled plate stock? - -Inclusions Which of the following would be impossible to detect using a liquid penetrant test?