PSU BBH 101 FINAL COMPLETE EXAM

PSU BBH 101 FINAL COMPLETE EXAM Biomedical model - suggests that illness always has a biological cause *only really focuses on pathogens and how people get sick Bio behavioral model - recognizes biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in determining an individual’s health and vulnerability to disease *a more "well rounded" view of health Hypothesis - an idea that someone has about something Theory - an idea that has been proven over and over P-value - tells you the probability of obtaining your result if there really is no relationship between the variables that you are testing (rules out likelihood of random chance) *p-vaules of LESS THAN 0.05 is generally accepted as a significant finding Prevalence - number of current cases of something Incidence - number of new cases of something Case-study - A description of one patient *useful for unique cases, but not really for finding out what causes a condition *low explanatory capabilities Cross-sectional study - Taken at "one point in time", and no follow up is given *typically a survey *you can see correlation, but not causation Case control study - A group that has the thing you're studying for, and a group that does not have the thing you're studying for *uses odds ratio to measure results Odds ratio - tells how much more likely people with the exposure are to have an outcome; a higher number equals a greater risk (compared to the group without the exposure) Cohort study - no one in the study has the outcome you're looking for, but some are exposed to what you believe to be a risk *you can examine cause/effect from this!!! PSU BBH PSU BBH How do you make the groups you are studying as similar as possible? - Random assignments: randomly assign people to the groups Blinding: concealing what group they are a part of (can be single, double, or triple) Good placebo: make it look similar to the actual drug or whatever you are testing for so that people can't obviously tell it's fake Phase 1 of clinical drug trials - Drug is tested for safety, usually tested on a group that doesn't have the disease Phase 2 of clinical drug trials - RCT happen, and the drug is tested to determine the effectiveness against a placebo Phase 3 of clinical drug trials - Drug is tested for effectiveness against the standard (have to show it's better/as good as whats out there) When can a drug be approved for sale? - After it passes phase 3! Phase 4 of clinical drug trials - Experiments occur to gather information after the drug has been approved by the FDA.....often when issues with the drug come to light Emperical Research - Written about a study that someone conducted themselves and wrote about *look at the abstract--it will often make it obvious that this is a study that someone went out and did themselves Literature Review - Not original research, someone picked a topic and wrote up about it like a textbook chapter *no study description at all, no statistics Meta-analysis Review - Takes the results of a collection of studies and synthesizes them, using studies that have already been done *looking for an "overall effect" using all the data that has been compiled Central Nervous System - The brain and spinal cord, which receive sensory/ motor information and send the info to your brain Peripherial Nervous System - Everything but the brain and spinal cord, it conveys messages to/from the CNS *somatic=voluntary movements *autonomic= involuntary, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic Structure of a neuron - dendrites= "branches" that receive information Soma(cell body)= integrates info, if enough information is received an AP is created Axon= conducts the information down the neuron Synaptic boutons/buttons= transmit information PSU BBH PSU BBH Where do neurons communicate at? - Synapses!! Neurotransmitters are released from one neuron, cross the synaptic cleft, and interact with the receptors on the receiving neruon The hypothalamus - Mostly controls the release of hormones from the pituitary *promotes the release of "releasing hormones" *produces oxytocin (during labor) and vasopressin(controls water) *also controls drive states and homeostasis Anterior pituitary - Synthesizes its own hormones, which the hypothalamus controls the release of(many are intermediate hormones) Posterior pituitary - Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin Again, oxytocin is released during labor, vasopressin helps to control water balance Non-specific immune response protects against..... - something general! WBC's recognize something that isn't a part of the body, and get rid of it Phagocytes - cells that engulf forgein invaders Natural killer cells - cells that ID and destroy diseased cells Interferon protein - Protein that confers short term resistence to viral infections (recognizes signs of cellular distress) Complement proteins - Assist immune system in destroying pathogens Specific immune response is carried out by - lymphocytes!! B-cells - Produce antibodies or immunoglobins *when activated by an antigen, B-cells divide into plasma and memory cells Plasma=short lived, memory=last for years T-cells - Recognize specific antigens and destroy cells infected by them *made in the bone marrow, provoke an immune response *they also regulate immune activity and keep the immune system from being too stimulated (meaning it would attack itself yikes) Diastole - "relaxation" of the heart, when the chambers fill with blood Systole - "contraction" of the heart, when the blood is squeezed to it's next destination Blood pressure= - systolic pressure/diastolic pressure Genotype - a persons genetic makeup, what you'd get if you read someones DNA PSU BBH PSU BBH Phenotype - traits a person physically expresses, can be measured in someway Why do we statisically control for variables? - It removes the influence of the "confounding variable", thus allowing experimenters to examine the relationship just between the exposure and outcome Primary prevention - efforts that are made to stop someone from getting the disease to begin with Secondary prevention - Focused on people who are sick, but don't know it yet (mainly screening) Tertiary prevention - prevention that's done once the person is sick (medications and treatment) Health Belief Model - MAIN IDEA: does the person believe they're susceptible, how threatening do they believe the disease is *involved perceived benefit, risk, and barriers as well as "cues to action" Theory of Planned Behavior - MAIN IDEA: does the person have the plan to change? *based off of what the persons attitude is towards the change, and if they think they can do it or not *about perceived control and suggested norms Trans theoretical Model - Based off of the thinking process one goes through as they're trying to make a change *involves precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and in some cases relapse Stress Physiology...how does it go? - 1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. HPA axis 3. Immune system Sympathetic nervous system in stress physiology - Activated 1st! Neurons in the SNS release NE, and other neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to release NE/E Ex: pupil dilation, HR increase HPA axis in stress physiology - Kicks in right after SNS as the body preps to deal with the stressor 1. Hypothalamus releases CRH 2. CRH from hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary 3. ACTH then goes and stimulates the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol Overall effect of stress physiology? - Increases the availability of nutrients the body can use for energy PSU BBH PSU BBH Feedback of stress physiology? - Cortisol binds to receptors in the hypothalamus/hippocampus, leading to decreased CRH and ACTH levels when cortisol levels are high enough Short term effects of cortisol - Breaks down fats and glycogen, initiates glycogenesis, and decreases the effects of insulin Immune system during stress physiology - Preps you for after you survive threat so that you can begin the recovery immediately *immune cells have glucocorticoid receptors,which help prep the system to deal with stress *cytokines induce illness and avoidance behaviors in response to inflammation *initially causes a heightened immune response, but over time immune system diminishes Long term effects of cortisol - Enhances the effects of NE/E-- leads to hypertension and atherosclerosis Elevated cortisol levels are associated with weight gain LDL's - carry cholesterol through the blood stream and keep it with them (BAD) HDL's - take cholesterol to the liver, where the liver gets rid of it (GOOD) Optimum ratio of cholesterol - 3.5:1 -- the higher the ratio, the worse off you are (want lowest ratio possible) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - proportion of calories that go to life sustaining processes (aka maintaining your body)...whatever is left gets stored away *BMR is able to adjust itself, meaning if caloric intake goes down, BMR will also gradually go down Non-REM 1 - theta waves, very light sleep/easily aroused, also doesn't last for very long Non-REM 2 - still pretty easily aroused, brain activity is mimicking more and more what it looks like during sleep Non-REM 3 - delta waves, "slow wave sleep", muscles are completely relaxed and you're hard to wake up REM - lose complete muscle control, most likely dreaming in this state, often called "paradoxical sleep" because your brain waves look like they do when you're awake Adaptations to drug use - tolerance, anhedonia, and disruptions to homeostasis PSU BBH Agonists - act like a neurotransmitter and does what the drug normally does, but is less risky than the actual substance (done a lot for heroin) Antagonists - block receptors, which make the drug less pleasurable Partial agonists - only partially activate neurotransmitters, which helps to satisfy cravings/withdrawal symptoms Pathophysiology of CVD - the initial inflammatory response, accumulation of WBC's, cholesterol, and triglycerides all turn into plaque *this plaque then builds up and causes blockages Thrombus - Stationary blood clot that can block an artery and cut off blood flow Embolus - Blood clot that breaks off and moves to a new location, still blocking off blood flow Ischemia - Reduction in blood flow to a tissue Infarction - Death of a tissue What is the most common fatal outcome of CVD? - a heart attack or stroke