POSC 2601 FINAL EXAM CHAPTER
11 ENVIRONMENT AND
POPULATION ; DISEASE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED
A+)
collective goods problem of the environment - ANSWERInternational environmental
politics as a collective goods problem
How/Why?
Environmental threats to easily spread from one state to another Immediate and long
term effects
What is the collective good of international environmental politics?
A sustainable environment
tragedy of the commons solutions - ANSWERHow to prevent the tragedy of the
commons?
1. Enclosure
1. Enclosure — split up the commons into individual pieces and give ownership of
the commons to individuals
People will choose to use the resource in a way that benefits them now and in the
future
2. International regimes
2. International regimes
Able to set rules on who has the right to use common areas or resources
Reciprocity
tragedy of the commons - ANSWERthe tendency of any resource that is unowned
and non-excludable to be overused and under-maintained
Why?
Self-interest > collective interest Short term > long term
tragedy of the commons examples - ANSWER1. Fishing
Oceans as the global commons States and non-state actors fish for profit
The more they fish the more money they make
But...leads to overfishing and leaving not enough fish left in the ocean to reproduce
to catch in the future
2. Sheep grazing
Open land [in Britain] for sheep to graze
Shepards need sheep to make money
Buy more sheep or allow sheep to graze more for bigger sheep Bigger sheep = more
$
But... overgrazing and destruction of land so no one can use it
, ozone depletion - ANSWERThe ozone is the part of the atmosphere that screens out
harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun
Ozone to breakdown with certain uses of chemicals (I.e. chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs))
The problem of ozone depletion: It increases the total amount of radiation entering
the earth
Montreal Protocol - ANSWERInternational protection of the ozone layer
1987 Montreal Protocol
Reduce and eliminate developed states' use of CFCs
Later restructured for developing states as well
Impact of the Montreal Protocol: Since 1998, reduction of CFCs by 80% worldwide
20% decline in ozone depletion
But... CFCs remain in the atmosphere for decades
climate change - ANSWERthe slow, long-term rise in the average temperature
caused by the emission of greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuels
greenhouse gases - ANSWERCarbon dioxide and other gases that, when
concentrated in the atmosphere, act like the glass in a greenhouse, holding energy
in and leading to global warming
climate change examples - ANSWERTragedy of the Commons Climate change as
an example of the tragedy of the commons How?
Incentive to use fossil fuel for economic growth and development (i.e. short-term
self-interest)
But use of fossil fuels to cause global warming (i.e. harms the long-term collective
interest)
climate change consequences - ANSWERClimate migration
Political instability
Food insecurity
Conflict
Loss of cities and states
Decline in biodiversity
climate change responses - ANSWER1. International organizations
2. Multilateral agreements
Earth Summit
Earth Summit (1992) — reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the 1990 levels by
2000
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol (1997) — (developed states) to reduce greenhouse gases to 5%
below the 1990 levels by 2015
Paris Agreement
Paris Agreement (2015)— all states to help prevent the rise in global temperature
3. Individual state climate measures
three indicators of the demographic transition model - ANSWER1. Birth rate
2. Death rate
3. Rate of natural increase
11 ENVIRONMENT AND
POPULATION ; DISEASE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS(RATED
A+)
collective goods problem of the environment - ANSWERInternational environmental
politics as a collective goods problem
How/Why?
Environmental threats to easily spread from one state to another Immediate and long
term effects
What is the collective good of international environmental politics?
A sustainable environment
tragedy of the commons solutions - ANSWERHow to prevent the tragedy of the
commons?
1. Enclosure
1. Enclosure — split up the commons into individual pieces and give ownership of
the commons to individuals
People will choose to use the resource in a way that benefits them now and in the
future
2. International regimes
2. International regimes
Able to set rules on who has the right to use common areas or resources
Reciprocity
tragedy of the commons - ANSWERthe tendency of any resource that is unowned
and non-excludable to be overused and under-maintained
Why?
Self-interest > collective interest Short term > long term
tragedy of the commons examples - ANSWER1. Fishing
Oceans as the global commons States and non-state actors fish for profit
The more they fish the more money they make
But...leads to overfishing and leaving not enough fish left in the ocean to reproduce
to catch in the future
2. Sheep grazing
Open land [in Britain] for sheep to graze
Shepards need sheep to make money
Buy more sheep or allow sheep to graze more for bigger sheep Bigger sheep = more
$
But... overgrazing and destruction of land so no one can use it
, ozone depletion - ANSWERThe ozone is the part of the atmosphere that screens out
harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun
Ozone to breakdown with certain uses of chemicals (I.e. chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs))
The problem of ozone depletion: It increases the total amount of radiation entering
the earth
Montreal Protocol - ANSWERInternational protection of the ozone layer
1987 Montreal Protocol
Reduce and eliminate developed states' use of CFCs
Later restructured for developing states as well
Impact of the Montreal Protocol: Since 1998, reduction of CFCs by 80% worldwide
20% decline in ozone depletion
But... CFCs remain in the atmosphere for decades
climate change - ANSWERthe slow, long-term rise in the average temperature
caused by the emission of greenhouse gases produced by burning fossil fuels
greenhouse gases - ANSWERCarbon dioxide and other gases that, when
concentrated in the atmosphere, act like the glass in a greenhouse, holding energy
in and leading to global warming
climate change examples - ANSWERTragedy of the Commons Climate change as
an example of the tragedy of the commons How?
Incentive to use fossil fuel for economic growth and development (i.e. short-term
self-interest)
But use of fossil fuels to cause global warming (i.e. harms the long-term collective
interest)
climate change consequences - ANSWERClimate migration
Political instability
Food insecurity
Conflict
Loss of cities and states
Decline in biodiversity
climate change responses - ANSWER1. International organizations
2. Multilateral agreements
Earth Summit
Earth Summit (1992) — reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the 1990 levels by
2000
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol (1997) — (developed states) to reduce greenhouse gases to 5%
below the 1990 levels by 2015
Paris Agreement
Paris Agreement (2015)— all states to help prevent the rise in global temperature
3. Individual state climate measures
three indicators of the demographic transition model - ANSWER1. Birth rate
2. Death rate
3. Rate of natural increase
