HDE 135 EXAM 1 UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
policy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅national, state, local laws, policies
community - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cultural values, norms, relationships between organizations
organizational - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅school, workplace, social institutions
interpersonal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅family, friends, social networks
health outcome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅often refers to a disease, state of health, health-related event
or death
outcome (general) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅often refers to health outcome, but it depends on the
research question or objective. It can also be a health behavior or risk/ preventative factor
Example: Your objective is to use a social media campaign to prevent teenage smoking. In this scenario,
smoking is the outcome.•A.K.A. dependent variable, Y
Exposure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Broadly refers to any factor that may be associated with an outcome
of interest
A.K.A. risk/protective factor, health behavior, environmental risk factor, predictor, independent variable,
X
Primary Care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅healthcare provided by a medical professional with whom a
patient has initial contact
intervention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A combination of program elements or strategies designed to
produce behavior changes or improve health status in individuals or an entire population
E.g., educational programs, policies, improvements in the environment, health promotion campaign.
Health Behavior Examples - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅•Tobacco use
, •Mask use
•Vaccine
•Screening
•Sexual behavior
•Avoiding injury
•Social support
•Social distancing
•Nutrition
•Physical activity
•Sleep
•Screen usage
•Breastfeeding
•Seeking healthcare
Examples of Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅•Primary care screening of adverse childhood
experiences (ACEs) -referral to programs and services -child mental health outcomes
•Mobile phone-based cessation program -smoking -lung cancer
•Vaccination program -COVID-19 infections
•Workplace wellness intervention-cardiovascular disease risk
•Sexual health education in schools -sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies
•Enhance safety of bike lanes -physical activity
•Policy restricting food marketing to children -obesity
•Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) 1994 -gender-based violence
Health Behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Broadest Definition: the actions of individuals, groups, and
organizations, including policies relating to health
Gochman's Definition: those personal attributes such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values,
perceptions, and other cognitive elements, personality characteristics, including affective and emotional
states and traits, and overt behavior patterns, actions and habits that relate to health maintenance, to
restoration and to health improvement
policy - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅national, state, local laws, policies
community - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cultural values, norms, relationships between organizations
organizational - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅school, workplace, social institutions
interpersonal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅family, friends, social networks
health outcome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅often refers to a disease, state of health, health-related event
or death
outcome (general) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅often refers to health outcome, but it depends on the
research question or objective. It can also be a health behavior or risk/ preventative factor
Example: Your objective is to use a social media campaign to prevent teenage smoking. In this scenario,
smoking is the outcome.•A.K.A. dependent variable, Y
Exposure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Broadly refers to any factor that may be associated with an outcome
of interest
A.K.A. risk/protective factor, health behavior, environmental risk factor, predictor, independent variable,
X
Primary Care - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅healthcare provided by a medical professional with whom a
patient has initial contact
intervention - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A combination of program elements or strategies designed to
produce behavior changes or improve health status in individuals or an entire population
E.g., educational programs, policies, improvements in the environment, health promotion campaign.
Health Behavior Examples - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅•Tobacco use
, •Mask use
•Vaccine
•Screening
•Sexual behavior
•Avoiding injury
•Social support
•Social distancing
•Nutrition
•Physical activity
•Sleep
•Screen usage
•Breastfeeding
•Seeking healthcare
Examples of Interventions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅•Primary care screening of adverse childhood
experiences (ACEs) -referral to programs and services -child mental health outcomes
•Mobile phone-based cessation program -smoking -lung cancer
•Vaccination program -COVID-19 infections
•Workplace wellness intervention-cardiovascular disease risk
•Sexual health education in schools -sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies
•Enhance safety of bike lanes -physical activity
•Policy restricting food marketing to children -obesity
•Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) 1994 -gender-based violence
Health Behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Broadest Definition: the actions of individuals, groups, and
organizations, including policies relating to health
Gochman's Definition: those personal attributes such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values,
perceptions, and other cognitive elements, personality characteristics, including affective and emotional
states and traits, and overt behavior patterns, actions and habits that relate to health maintenance, to
restoration and to health improvement
