Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 -
Modules 1, 2, 3 Latest Update With
Complete Solutions {2025|2026}
pH range CORRECT ANSWERS 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 range CORRECT ANSWERS 35-45
HCO3 range CORRECT ANSWERS 22-26
changes in CO2 excretion CORRECT ANSWERS respiratory
changes in HCO3 excretion or retention CORRECT ANSWERS metabolic
Causes of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hypoventilation
Sleep apnea
CNS depressants (opioid, alcohol, benzos)
Impaired gas exchange: pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD, asthma
Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid, shallow
respirations
Drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
Headache
Hyperkalemia
Causes of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Prolonged hyperventilation is
most common
Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Seizures
Tachycardia
Numb/tingling extremities
Lethargy
Confusion
Causes of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Severe diarrhea
Renal Failure
Shock
Cardiac arrest
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Changes in potassium levels
*Watch for seizure activity*
Clinical Manifestations of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperkalemia
, Hypotension
Shock
Coma
Causes of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive vomiting
Excessive NG suction (stomach pump)
Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Tremors/muscle
cramps
Tingling fingers/toes
Vomiting/nausea
Restlessness followed by lethargy
Potassium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Electrical conduction in heart
Causes of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Renal Failure
Addison's disease
Insulin deficiency
Metabolic acidosis
Massive trauma
NSAIDS (ibuprofen, aspirin)
Signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Muscle cramps
Paresthesia (tingling/numb)
Bradycardia
EKG changes
Cardiac arrest/arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Vomit/diarrhea
Laxative/diuretic use
Malnutrition
Alkalosis
Excess insulin
Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Hyporeflexia
Hypotension
*Cardiac arrhythmias*
Cardiac arrest
Sodium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 135-145 mEq/L
Water balance - regulated by kidneys and aldosterone
Causes of hypernatremia CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive sodium intake
Inadequate water intake
Excessive water loss/sweating
Modules 1, 2, 3 Latest Update With
Complete Solutions {2025|2026}
pH range CORRECT ANSWERS 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 range CORRECT ANSWERS 35-45
HCO3 range CORRECT ANSWERS 22-26
changes in CO2 excretion CORRECT ANSWERS respiratory
changes in HCO3 excretion or retention CORRECT ANSWERS metabolic
Causes of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hypoventilation
Sleep apnea
CNS depressants (opioid, alcohol, benzos)
Impaired gas exchange: pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD, asthma
Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid, shallow
respirations
Drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
Headache
Hyperkalemia
Causes of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Prolonged hyperventilation is
most common
Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Seizures
Tachycardia
Numb/tingling extremities
Lethargy
Confusion
Causes of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Severe diarrhea
Renal Failure
Shock
Cardiac arrest
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Changes in potassium levels
*Watch for seizure activity*
Clinical Manifestations of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperkalemia
, Hypotension
Shock
Coma
Causes of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive vomiting
Excessive NG suction (stomach pump)
Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Tremors/muscle
cramps
Tingling fingers/toes
Vomiting/nausea
Restlessness followed by lethargy
Potassium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Electrical conduction in heart
Causes of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Renal Failure
Addison's disease
Insulin deficiency
Metabolic acidosis
Massive trauma
NSAIDS (ibuprofen, aspirin)
Signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Muscle cramps
Paresthesia (tingling/numb)
Bradycardia
EKG changes
Cardiac arrest/arrhythmias
Causes of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Vomit/diarrhea
Laxative/diuretic use
Malnutrition
Alkalosis
Excess insulin
Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Hyporeflexia
Hypotension
*Cardiac arrhythmias*
Cardiac arrest
Sodium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 135-145 mEq/L
Water balance - regulated by kidneys and aldosterone
Causes of hypernatremia CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive sodium intake
Inadequate water intake
Excessive water loss/sweating
