NU578 Exam – Questions With Definite Solutions
Schedule I Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have no accepted
medical use in the United States and have a high abuse potential.
Examples are heroin, marijuana, LSD, peyote, etc.
Schedule II Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have a high abuse
potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability. Included are
certain narcotic analgesics, stimulants, and depressant drugs.
Examples are opium, morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, methadone,
meperidine, oxycodone, anileridine, cocaine, amphetamine,
methamphetamine, phenmetrazine, methylphenidate, amobarbital,
pentobarbital, secobarbital, methaqualone, and phencyclidine.
Schedule III Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those in Schedules I and II and include compounds
containing limited quantities of certain narcotic analgesic drugs, and other
drugs such as barbiturates, glutethimide, methyprylon, and chlorphentemine.
Any suppository dosage form containing amobarbital, secobarbital, or
pentobarbital is in this schedule.
Schedule IV Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those listed in Schedule III and include such drugs as
barbital, phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, meprobabmate,
chlordizepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, chloroazepate, flurazepam, etc.
Schedule V Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those listed in Schedule IV and consist primarily of
preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotic analgesic drugs
used for antitussive and antidiarrheal purposes.
Absorption Accurate Answer:- Process of drug movement from its site
of administration into the blood
Most common mechanism for drug absorption Accurate Answer:-
passive diffusion
,First-pass effect
(presystemic metabolism) Accurate Answer:- Rapid hepatic
inactivation of certain oral drugs
drug is metabolized (chemically altered) as it passes through either 1) gut
wall, and 2) liver.
Distribution Accurate Answer:- drug movement from the blood to the
interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells
Barriers to distribution Accurate Answer:- - Blood brain barrier
- Placenta
Physiologic Factors Affecting Distribution Accurate Answer:- -
Perfusion
- Binding of drug to plasma protein
- Specialized Distribution Barriers
Albumin Accurate Answer:- Binds acidic drugs
Protein (albumin) binding Accurate Answer:- Prevents bound drug
molecules from leaving the bloodstream
Prolongs the distribution phase (Increases half-life)
alpha-1 acid glycoprotein Accurate Answer:- Binds basic drugs
Reservoir effect Accurate Answer:-
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Accurate Answer:- no intercellular pores
between brain capillary endothelial membranes due to the presence of tight
junctions between cells
To gain access to the brain from the capillaries, drugs must Accurate
Answer:- 1) diffuse across cells (lipid-soluble,
nonionized form)
or
, 2) or be actively transported by a carrier
Placental Barrier Accurate Answer:- Transfer of drugs is relatively slow
with the
equilibration time between maternal blood and fetal tissues estimated at
about 15 minutes for some drugs and almost an hour for other drugs.
(Virtually every drug used for therapeutic purposes can and does cross the
placenta.)
Drugs cross the placenta by Accurate Answer:- diffusion (lipid-soluble,
nonionized drugs
penetrate most rapidly.)
Pharmacokinetic Factors
Affecting Distribution Accurate Answer:- - Competition for protein
binding sites
- Alteration of extracellular pH
Metabolism Accurate Answer:- Chemical alteration of drug structure
Metabolism Accurate Answer:- Usually produces a polar, water-soluble
substance which is more easily excreted from the body.
Lipid-soluble drugs Accurate Answer:- not easily eliminated by the
body's excretory mechanisms
Sites of drug metabolism Accurate Answer:- - liver (smooth ER and
hepatocytes)
- gut wall and mucosal surface
- plasma
Phase I (nonsynthetic) metabolic reactions Accurate Answer:-
oxidation by the cytochrome P450 system which is a family of drug-
metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
Cytochrome P450 system
Schedule I Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have no accepted
medical use in the United States and have a high abuse potential.
Examples are heroin, marijuana, LSD, peyote, etc.
Schedule II Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have a high abuse
potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability. Included are
certain narcotic analgesics, stimulants, and depressant drugs.
Examples are opium, morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, methadone,
meperidine, oxycodone, anileridine, cocaine, amphetamine,
methamphetamine, phenmetrazine, methylphenidate, amobarbital,
pentobarbital, secobarbital, methaqualone, and phencyclidine.
Schedule III Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those in Schedules I and II and include compounds
containing limited quantities of certain narcotic analgesic drugs, and other
drugs such as barbiturates, glutethimide, methyprylon, and chlorphentemine.
Any suppository dosage form containing amobarbital, secobarbital, or
pentobarbital is in this schedule.
Schedule IV Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those listed in Schedule III and include such drugs as
barbital, phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, meprobabmate,
chlordizepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, chloroazepate, flurazepam, etc.
Schedule V Accurate Answer:- Drugs in this schedule have an abuse
potential less than those listed in Schedule IV and consist primarily of
preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotic analgesic drugs
used for antitussive and antidiarrheal purposes.
Absorption Accurate Answer:- Process of drug movement from its site
of administration into the blood
Most common mechanism for drug absorption Accurate Answer:-
passive diffusion
,First-pass effect
(presystemic metabolism) Accurate Answer:- Rapid hepatic
inactivation of certain oral drugs
drug is metabolized (chemically altered) as it passes through either 1) gut
wall, and 2) liver.
Distribution Accurate Answer:- drug movement from the blood to the
interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells
Barriers to distribution Accurate Answer:- - Blood brain barrier
- Placenta
Physiologic Factors Affecting Distribution Accurate Answer:- -
Perfusion
- Binding of drug to plasma protein
- Specialized Distribution Barriers
Albumin Accurate Answer:- Binds acidic drugs
Protein (albumin) binding Accurate Answer:- Prevents bound drug
molecules from leaving the bloodstream
Prolongs the distribution phase (Increases half-life)
alpha-1 acid glycoprotein Accurate Answer:- Binds basic drugs
Reservoir effect Accurate Answer:-
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Accurate Answer:- no intercellular pores
between brain capillary endothelial membranes due to the presence of tight
junctions between cells
To gain access to the brain from the capillaries, drugs must Accurate
Answer:- 1) diffuse across cells (lipid-soluble,
nonionized form)
or
, 2) or be actively transported by a carrier
Placental Barrier Accurate Answer:- Transfer of drugs is relatively slow
with the
equilibration time between maternal blood and fetal tissues estimated at
about 15 minutes for some drugs and almost an hour for other drugs.
(Virtually every drug used for therapeutic purposes can and does cross the
placenta.)
Drugs cross the placenta by Accurate Answer:- diffusion (lipid-soluble,
nonionized drugs
penetrate most rapidly.)
Pharmacokinetic Factors
Affecting Distribution Accurate Answer:- - Competition for protein
binding sites
- Alteration of extracellular pH
Metabolism Accurate Answer:- Chemical alteration of drug structure
Metabolism Accurate Answer:- Usually produces a polar, water-soluble
substance which is more easily excreted from the body.
Lipid-soluble drugs Accurate Answer:- not easily eliminated by the
body's excretory mechanisms
Sites of drug metabolism Accurate Answer:- - liver (smooth ER and
hepatocytes)
- gut wall and mucosal surface
- plasma
Phase I (nonsynthetic) metabolic reactions Accurate Answer:-
oxidation by the cytochrome P450 system which is a family of drug-
metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
Cytochrome P450 system
