HHA Exam 2
Systole - answer Ventricles contract, ejecting blood from the heart
Diastole - answer Ventricles relax, blood fills the heart
Preload - answer Volume of blood in the right atrium at the end of diastole
Afterload - answer Amount of pressure in the arteries and arterioles
Stroke volume - answerHow much blood is ejected with each heart beat
Cardiac output - answerHow much blood is ejected from the left ventricle each minute
Base of the heart - answerThe top of the heart
Apex of the heart - answerThe bottom of the heart
S1 (First heart sound) - answerMitral & tricuspid valves close
S2 (Second heart sound) - answerPulmonic & aortic valves close
How does angina usually present in females? - answerAs back pain & nausea
Orthopnea - answerDifficulty breathing when lying down, most often seen in cardiac
cases
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - answerSudden onset of shortness of breath at night
due to fluid from edematous legs backing up into the lungs
What is jugular vein distention associated with? - answerHeart failure (75%), tricuspid
regurgitation, and fluid volume overload
What does PMI stand for? - answerPoint of maximum impulse, located in the 5th left
ICS at the MCL (may or may not be palpable in adults)
What is the point of maximum impulse? - answerThe point where the inferior tip of the
heart may cause a pulsation, which can indicate aneurysm
Precordium - answerThe region of the thorax immediately in front of the heart
What are heaves and lifts? - answerForceful thrusting on the chest wall as a result of an
enlarged ventricle
,What are thrills? - answerRushing vibrations detected on palpation of the heart, caused
by turbulent blood flow with incompetent valves, pulmonary HTN, or septal defects. It is
usually in the location of the valve in which it is associated.
What is a systolic ejection "click"? - answerAbnormal heart sounds that occur during
systole
What are split heart sounds? - answerWhen the valves of the heart do not close at the
same time, causing a "split" in the sound of S1 or S2
What are "snaps"? - answerEarly diagnostic heart sound associated with mitral stenosis
What is "rub"? - answerA scratchy, leathery sound resulting from parietal and visceral
pleurae rubbing together; this is the most important physical sign of pericarditis. Best
heard in 3rd ICS at sternal border.
What is a "bruit"? - answerSwooshing sound similar to the sound blood pressure
makes; they result from turbulent blood flow related to atherosclerosis and is audible
when the artery is partially obstructed.
HDL - answerThe "good" cholesterol; higher is better
LDL - answerThe "bad" cholesterol; lower is better
CRP - answerReactive protein that indicates inflammation in the body
BNP - answerBrain neutrotic peptide; indicative of HF
Where is the aortic valve heard during examination? - answer2nd intercostal space,
Right Sternal Border
Where is the pulmonic valve heard during examination? - answer2nd intercostal space,
Left Sternal Border
Where is the second pulmonic (Erb's point) heard during examination? - answer3rd
intercostal space; Left Sternal Border
What is Erb's point? - answerWhere the valves are equally audible; this site is especially
effective for taking an apical pulse
Where is the tricuspid valve heard during examination? - answer4th intercostal space,
Left Sternal Border
Where is the mitral (apical) valve heard during examination? - answer5th intercostal
space, Left Mid-Clavicular Line
, Examples of abnormal heart sounds are: - answerS3, S4, ejection clicks, rubs, murmurs
Extra heart sounds occur as a result of what? - answerVibrations during rapid
ventricular filling
S3 - answerVentricular gallop, occurs just after S2 at the end of ventricular diastole.
Quiet, low pitched, often difficult to hear. (Sounds like KEN-TUCK-Y)
S4 - answerAtrial gallop, occurs just before S1 or ventricular systole. (Sounds like TEN-
ES-SEE)
What can S3 & S4 indicate? - answerVentricular hypertrophy
If no other problems are noted, S3 can be considered normal in what patients? -
answerChildren, young adults, pregnant women in 3rd trimester, older adults
Murmur - answerSustained swishing or blowing sounds heard at the beginning, middle,
or end of the systolic or diastolic phase
Dysrhythmia - answerFailure of heart to beat at regular successive intervals; a distinct
silent pause between S1 & S2
How do you assess for a pulse deficit? - answerAssess apical and radial pulse at the
same time.
Homan's sign - answerTest to assess for DVT; performed by dorsiflexing the foot, with
pain suggesting a positive result.
Where do you assess turgor? - answerForearm (never on lower extremities)
What does a 1+ pulse mean? - answerPulse diminished, barely palpable
What does a 2+ pulse mean? - answerEasily palpable, normal pulse
What does a 3+ pulse mean? - answerFull pulse, increased intensity
What does a 4+ pulse mean? - answerStrong, bounding pulse, can't be obliterated
What does a 0 pulse mean? - answerAbsent, non-palpable
Define pulse - answerA measurement of the force at which the blood is ejected against
the arterial wall
Edema that pits 2mm is noted as what? - answer+1
Systole - answer Ventricles contract, ejecting blood from the heart
Diastole - answer Ventricles relax, blood fills the heart
Preload - answer Volume of blood in the right atrium at the end of diastole
Afterload - answer Amount of pressure in the arteries and arterioles
Stroke volume - answerHow much blood is ejected with each heart beat
Cardiac output - answerHow much blood is ejected from the left ventricle each minute
Base of the heart - answerThe top of the heart
Apex of the heart - answerThe bottom of the heart
S1 (First heart sound) - answerMitral & tricuspid valves close
S2 (Second heart sound) - answerPulmonic & aortic valves close
How does angina usually present in females? - answerAs back pain & nausea
Orthopnea - answerDifficulty breathing when lying down, most often seen in cardiac
cases
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - answerSudden onset of shortness of breath at night
due to fluid from edematous legs backing up into the lungs
What is jugular vein distention associated with? - answerHeart failure (75%), tricuspid
regurgitation, and fluid volume overload
What does PMI stand for? - answerPoint of maximum impulse, located in the 5th left
ICS at the MCL (may or may not be palpable in adults)
What is the point of maximum impulse? - answerThe point where the inferior tip of the
heart may cause a pulsation, which can indicate aneurysm
Precordium - answerThe region of the thorax immediately in front of the heart
What are heaves and lifts? - answerForceful thrusting on the chest wall as a result of an
enlarged ventricle
,What are thrills? - answerRushing vibrations detected on palpation of the heart, caused
by turbulent blood flow with incompetent valves, pulmonary HTN, or septal defects. It is
usually in the location of the valve in which it is associated.
What is a systolic ejection "click"? - answerAbnormal heart sounds that occur during
systole
What are split heart sounds? - answerWhen the valves of the heart do not close at the
same time, causing a "split" in the sound of S1 or S2
What are "snaps"? - answerEarly diagnostic heart sound associated with mitral stenosis
What is "rub"? - answerA scratchy, leathery sound resulting from parietal and visceral
pleurae rubbing together; this is the most important physical sign of pericarditis. Best
heard in 3rd ICS at sternal border.
What is a "bruit"? - answerSwooshing sound similar to the sound blood pressure
makes; they result from turbulent blood flow related to atherosclerosis and is audible
when the artery is partially obstructed.
HDL - answerThe "good" cholesterol; higher is better
LDL - answerThe "bad" cholesterol; lower is better
CRP - answerReactive protein that indicates inflammation in the body
BNP - answerBrain neutrotic peptide; indicative of HF
Where is the aortic valve heard during examination? - answer2nd intercostal space,
Right Sternal Border
Where is the pulmonic valve heard during examination? - answer2nd intercostal space,
Left Sternal Border
Where is the second pulmonic (Erb's point) heard during examination? - answer3rd
intercostal space; Left Sternal Border
What is Erb's point? - answerWhere the valves are equally audible; this site is especially
effective for taking an apical pulse
Where is the tricuspid valve heard during examination? - answer4th intercostal space,
Left Sternal Border
Where is the mitral (apical) valve heard during examination? - answer5th intercostal
space, Left Mid-Clavicular Line
, Examples of abnormal heart sounds are: - answerS3, S4, ejection clicks, rubs, murmurs
Extra heart sounds occur as a result of what? - answerVibrations during rapid
ventricular filling
S3 - answerVentricular gallop, occurs just after S2 at the end of ventricular diastole.
Quiet, low pitched, often difficult to hear. (Sounds like KEN-TUCK-Y)
S4 - answerAtrial gallop, occurs just before S1 or ventricular systole. (Sounds like TEN-
ES-SEE)
What can S3 & S4 indicate? - answerVentricular hypertrophy
If no other problems are noted, S3 can be considered normal in what patients? -
answerChildren, young adults, pregnant women in 3rd trimester, older adults
Murmur - answerSustained swishing or blowing sounds heard at the beginning, middle,
or end of the systolic or diastolic phase
Dysrhythmia - answerFailure of heart to beat at regular successive intervals; a distinct
silent pause between S1 & S2
How do you assess for a pulse deficit? - answerAssess apical and radial pulse at the
same time.
Homan's sign - answerTest to assess for DVT; performed by dorsiflexing the foot, with
pain suggesting a positive result.
Where do you assess turgor? - answerForearm (never on lower extremities)
What does a 1+ pulse mean? - answerPulse diminished, barely palpable
What does a 2+ pulse mean? - answerEasily palpable, normal pulse
What does a 3+ pulse mean? - answerFull pulse, increased intensity
What does a 4+ pulse mean? - answerStrong, bounding pulse, can't be obliterated
What does a 0 pulse mean? - answerAbsent, non-palpable
Define pulse - answerA measurement of the force at which the blood is ejected against
the arterial wall
Edema that pits 2mm is noted as what? - answer+1
