NURS 676 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|
FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
CORRECT ANSWERS latest update GRADED A+. ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|
Why are nitrate-free periods every 24 hours necessary for the patient on
|//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
nitroglycerin therapy? - ANSWER : To inhibit the development of tolerance ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What does a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicate? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Hyperthroidism
What would be the best option to treat a newly diagnosed patient with a low TSH
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
level with? - ANSWER : Propanolol (Inderal)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Spironoaldactone (Aldactone) has what mechanism of action (MOA)? - ANSWER |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
: Aldosterone antagonist
||//\\|| ||//\\||
Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by what? - ANSWER : Upregulating the
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\||
activity of one of the body's natural anticoagulant molecules, antithrombin III
|//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What physiologic action happens when the offending drug is administered during
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\||
an anaphylactic reaction. - ANSWER : Mast cells liberate large doses of
|//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
histamine.
,What are two systemic psoriasis medications? - ANSWER : Photo- therapy and
||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| | //\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
topical corticosteroids ||//\\||
What is the first choice of drug therapy for the majority of patients with
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
uncomplicated stage I hypertension? - ANSWER : Thiazide diuretics ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is the effect of cardiac glycosides? - ANSWER : Digitalis glycosides have
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\||
a negative chronotropic effect on the cardiac muscle cells.
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\||
Amenorrhea is the most common side effect of which birth control medication? - ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is an anti-hypertensive agent which competes with epinephrine for available
||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
beta-receptor sites? - ANSWER : Atenolol (Tenormin) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What type of action does nitrates have on the body? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\ || |//\\|| |//\\||
Reduction in systemic venous tone. |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\| |//\\|
What is the recommended level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\||
for patients with known coronary artery disease? - ANSWER : 100mg/dl or
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
less.
,What is the MOA of group IV anti-dysrhythmia drugs? - ANSWER : Depressing
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
phase 4 depolarization and lengthening phases 1 and 2 repolarization.
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug therapy should be used to lower the serum concentration of thyroid
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
hormones and re-establish eumetabolic state in a patient with Graves' disease? - ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Anti-thyroid drugs. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which type of diuretic would be used for a stage I hypertension in a patient with
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
renal insufficiency? - ANSWER : Loop diuretic.
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What drug should be considered as first-line therapy for a client with hypertension
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
and heart failure? - ANSWER : Enalapril (Vasotec)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug is considered safe for hypertension treatment during pregnancy? -
|//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Methyldopa (Aldomet) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What drug will reduce afterload because it is an alpha-adrenergic blocker? -
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Prazosin (Minipress) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is an expected effect of the use of a beta-adrenergic blocker to control
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|
angina? - ANSWER : Reduced force of cardiac contraction.
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|
What side effect should be monitored closely in the elderly when taking Metformin
||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
(Glucophage) for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER : Lactic acidosis. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
, What is the primary role of cytochrome p-450 in the liver? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\||
Deactivate and detoxify medications and other substances. |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\||
What is a component of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Prothrombin
How are IV morphine and nitroglycerin beneficial in acute heart failure?
|//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\||
- ANSWER : Decrease preload.
|//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|
What is the purpose of administering a vasodilating drug to a patient in heart
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
failure? - ANSWER : Decrease afterload. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What are some contrindications for HMG-co A reductase inhibitors (statins)?
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
- ANSWER : They cause myopathies, especially at higher doses or in
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\||
combination with certain drugs. They should never be used in patients taking ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Warfarin (Coumadin). ||//\\||
Which drug can reduce serum LDL the most in patients with hyperlipidemia? -
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Lovastatin (Mevacor) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug is contrindicated in a patient with Myasthena Gravis? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Procainamide (Pronestyl). ||//\\||
What action is most effective in decreasing the risk of hyperkalemia associated with
||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|
the start of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\||
FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
CORRECT ANSWERS latest update GRADED A+. ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|
Why are nitrate-free periods every 24 hours necessary for the patient on
|//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
nitroglycerin therapy? - ANSWER : To inhibit the development of tolerance ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What does a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicate? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Hyperthroidism
What would be the best option to treat a newly diagnosed patient with a low TSH
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
level with? - ANSWER : Propanolol (Inderal)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Spironoaldactone (Aldactone) has what mechanism of action (MOA)? - ANSWER |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
: Aldosterone antagonist
||//\\|| ||//\\||
Heparin exerts its therapeutic action by what? - ANSWER : Upregulating the
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\||
activity of one of the body's natural anticoagulant molecules, antithrombin III
|//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What physiologic action happens when the offending drug is administered during
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\||
an anaphylactic reaction. - ANSWER : Mast cells liberate large doses of
|//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
histamine.
,What are two systemic psoriasis medications? - ANSWER : Photo- therapy and
||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| | //\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
topical corticosteroids ||//\\||
What is the first choice of drug therapy for the majority of patients with
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
uncomplicated stage I hypertension? - ANSWER : Thiazide diuretics ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is the effect of cardiac glycosides? - ANSWER : Digitalis glycosides have
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\||
a negative chronotropic effect on the cardiac muscle cells.
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\||
Amenorrhea is the most common side effect of which birth control medication? - ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is an anti-hypertensive agent which competes with epinephrine for available
||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
beta-receptor sites? - ANSWER : Atenolol (Tenormin) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What type of action does nitrates have on the body? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\ || |//\\|| |//\\||
Reduction in systemic venous tone. |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\| |//\\|
What is the recommended level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\||
for patients with known coronary artery disease? - ANSWER : 100mg/dl or
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
less.
,What is the MOA of group IV anti-dysrhythmia drugs? - ANSWER : Depressing
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
phase 4 depolarization and lengthening phases 1 and 2 repolarization.
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug therapy should be used to lower the serum concentration of thyroid
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
hormones and re-establish eumetabolic state in a patient with Graves' disease? - ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Anti-thyroid drugs. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which type of diuretic would be used for a stage I hypertension in a patient with
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
renal insufficiency? - ANSWER : Loop diuretic.
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What drug should be considered as first-line therapy for a client with hypertension
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
and heart failure? - ANSWER : Enalapril (Vasotec)
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug is considered safe for hypertension treatment during pregnancy? -
|//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Methyldopa (Aldomet) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What drug will reduce afterload because it is an alpha-adrenergic blocker? -
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Prazosin (Minipress) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What is an expected effect of the use of a beta-adrenergic blocker to control
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|
angina? - ANSWER : Reduced force of cardiac contraction.
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|
What side effect should be monitored closely in the elderly when taking Metformin
||//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
(Glucophage) for type 2 diabetes? - ANSWER : Lactic acidosis. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
, What is the primary role of cytochrome p-450 in the liver? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\||
Deactivate and detoxify medications and other substances. |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\||
What is a component of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Prothrombin
How are IV morphine and nitroglycerin beneficial in acute heart failure?
|//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\||
- ANSWER : Decrease preload.
|//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |//\\|
What is the purpose of administering a vasodilating drug to a patient in heart
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
failure? - ANSWER : Decrease afterload. ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
What are some contrindications for HMG-co A reductase inhibitors (statins)?
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
- ANSWER : They cause myopathies, especially at higher doses or in
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\||
combination with certain drugs. They should never be used in patients taking ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Warfarin (Coumadin). ||//\\||
Which drug can reduce serum LDL the most in patients with hyperlipidemia? -
||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
ANSWER : Lovastatin (Mevacor) ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Which drug is contrindicated in a patient with Myasthena Gravis? - ANSWER :
||//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\||
Procainamide (Pronestyl). ||//\\||
What action is most effective in decreasing the risk of hyperkalemia associated with
||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| |/\\|| ||//\\|| |//\\|| ||//\\|| |/\\|| |//\\|
the start of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
|//\\|| |//\\|| |//\\| |/\\|| |/\\||
