1.4 Inquiry
Scientific discoveries have had great impact in human history. The people who make these discoveries
and the circumstances that surround these discoveries are very important to our understanding of science.
Can you identify the individuals as they might have described themselves?
A) Robert Hooke
B) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
C) Melvin Calvin
D) James Watson and Francis Crick
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
F) Theodor Svedberg
G) Friedrich Wöhler
1) I am a seventeenth-century shopkeeper from Holland. My hobby involves hand-polishing glass to
make lenses, some of which can magnify almost 300-fold. I was the first to observe living cells and
am known as the "Father of Microbiology."
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
2) I was the Curator of Instruments for the Royal Society of London in 1665. I developed a microscope
that could magnify around 30-fold. I examined plant material and observed many small chambers that I
called cells.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
3) At the University of California, Berkeley, I worked with radioisotopes. In the late 1940s and early
1950s, I used 14C to identify the most common pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
20
Copyright © 2022
,4) We worked out the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. We later received the Nobel Prize for
this work.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
5) I am a nineteenth-century German chemist. By synthesizing an organic molecule from inorganic
components, I dispelled the idea that biological processes were exempt from the laws of chemistry.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
6) My colleague and I worked with bacterial viruses. We were able to demonstrate that DNA–not protein–
was the genetic material of the cell.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
7) I am a Swedish scientist. I developed the ultracentrifuge to determine sedimentation rates of proteins.
The ultracentrifuge was later used to isolate subcellular fractions.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
Answers: 1) E 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) G 6) B 7) F
21
Copyright © 2022
,8) The following paragraph describes the activities of hypothetical scientists. After reading this
paragraph, list the steps of the scientific method, and list the activities that correspond to the steps of the
scientific method.
A rancher noticed that several grazing animals had become sick after grazing in a new area. The rancher
asked a team of scientists to analyze this problem. They visited the area and found that the food available
to the animals was similar to the food they had been eating. The water supply in the area was adequate but
limited to a single spring. Some of the scientists felt that the water might be contaminated with a pathogen.
Therefore, they collected water samples from the spring in the new area and compared them with water
samples taken from previous grazing sites. The scientists noticed that water from the new area was
cloudier than water obtained from other areas. Culturing this water revealed that a pathogenic strain of
bacteria was present. This bacterial strain was found to be identical to a strain obtained from sick animals.
This strain was not present in healthy animals. They concluded that a contaminated water supply in the
new area was responsible for the problem and instructed the rancher to avoid the water supply. The
disease was not found in the rancher's livestock again.
Answer: (Answers may vary.)
Observation. The rancher and the scientists made initial observations regarding the food and water that the
livestock consumed.
Hypothesis. The water supply was contaminated with a pathogen.
Experimentation. Water was collected, examined, and cultured.
Collect data. The turbidity of the water was examined. The cultures were positive for a pathogenic strain of
bacterium.
Interpret results. The data was compared to other water samples. The cultures were compared to those
obtained from livestock.
Draw conclusion. The water was contaminated and responsible for the outbreak. Chapter
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Global LO: G1 V&C
LO: VC-SS
22
Copyright © 2022
, 9) A number of different types of microscopy exist. Each type of microscopy has advantages and
disadvantages. Can you identify the microscope that would be most advantageous for the situations
below?
a. A cell biologist wishes to visualize the ribosomes of a cell.
b. A microbiologist wishes to examine the motility of a bacterium.
c. An immunologist wishes to determine if a lymphocyte possesses a certain surface protein.
d. A virologist is trying to determine the three-dimensional shape of a virus.
e. A pathologist is trying to examine the cytoplasm of a cell for changes that result from viral infection.
Answer: (Answers may vary.)
a. Electron microscopy, preferably transmission electron microscopy, should be used.
b. Phase contrast or differential-interference-contrast would be most helpful.
c. Fluorescence microscopy is often used.
d. Scanning electron microscopy should be used.
e. Transmission electron microscopy will enable the pathologist to visualize the interior. Chapter
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Global LO: G4 V&C
LO: VC-SS
10) You have identified a new molecule associated with the immune system that drastically reduces cell
division by tumor cells in vivo. Develop a hypothesis and design an experiment to test your hypothesis
using a model organism. Include an explanation as to why it is the best model for your experiment.
Answer: Answers will vary; however, the hypothesis would indicate the utility of the cytokine for
lymphoma treatment. The obvious model organism would be the mouse model. It shares a great many
similarities to humans at the cellular, anatomical, and physiological levels. It is well characterized, and the
genome has been sequenced. Further, there is a mouse model of lymphoma currently available. Mice are
easy to care for and require a relatively small amount of space to maintain.
Chapter Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Global LO: G1 V&C
LO: VC-SS
23
Copyright © 2022
Scientific discoveries have had great impact in human history. The people who make these discoveries
and the circumstances that surround these discoveries are very important to our understanding of science.
Can you identify the individuals as they might have described themselves?
A) Robert Hooke
B) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
C) Melvin Calvin
D) James Watson and Francis Crick
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
F) Theodor Svedberg
G) Friedrich Wöhler
1) I am a seventeenth-century shopkeeper from Holland. My hobby involves hand-polishing glass to
make lenses, some of which can magnify almost 300-fold. I was the first to observe living cells and
am known as the "Father of Microbiology."
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
2) I was the Curator of Instruments for the Royal Society of London in 1665. I developed a microscope
that could magnify around 30-fold. I examined plant material and observed many small chambers that I
called cells.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
3) At the University of California, Berkeley, I worked with radioisotopes. In the late 1940s and early
1950s, I used 14C to identify the most common pathway for photosynthetic carbon metabolism.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
20
Copyright © 2022
,4) We worked out the double helix model of DNA structure in 1953. We later received the Nobel Prize for
this work.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
5) I am a nineteenth-century German chemist. By synthesizing an organic molecule from inorganic
components, I dispelled the idea that biological processes were exempt from the laws of chemistry.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
6) My colleague and I worked with bacterial viruses. We were able to demonstrate that DNA–not protein–
was the genetic material of the cell.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
7) I am a Swedish scientist. I developed the ultracentrifuge to determine sedimentation rates of proteins.
The ultracentrifuge was later used to isolate subcellular fractions.
Chapter Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding Learning
Outcome: 1.1
Global LO: G1, G7
V&C LO: VC-MS
Answers: 1) E 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) G 6) B 7) F
21
Copyright © 2022
,8) The following paragraph describes the activities of hypothetical scientists. After reading this
paragraph, list the steps of the scientific method, and list the activities that correspond to the steps of the
scientific method.
A rancher noticed that several grazing animals had become sick after grazing in a new area. The rancher
asked a team of scientists to analyze this problem. They visited the area and found that the food available
to the animals was similar to the food they had been eating. The water supply in the area was adequate but
limited to a single spring. Some of the scientists felt that the water might be contaminated with a pathogen.
Therefore, they collected water samples from the spring in the new area and compared them with water
samples taken from previous grazing sites. The scientists noticed that water from the new area was
cloudier than water obtained from other areas. Culturing this water revealed that a pathogenic strain of
bacteria was present. This bacterial strain was found to be identical to a strain obtained from sick animals.
This strain was not present in healthy animals. They concluded that a contaminated water supply in the
new area was responsible for the problem and instructed the rancher to avoid the water supply. The
disease was not found in the rancher's livestock again.
Answer: (Answers may vary.)
Observation. The rancher and the scientists made initial observations regarding the food and water that the
livestock consumed.
Hypothesis. The water supply was contaminated with a pathogen.
Experimentation. Water was collected, examined, and cultured.
Collect data. The turbidity of the water was examined. The cultures were positive for a pathogenic strain of
bacterium.
Interpret results. The data was compared to other water samples. The cultures were compared to those
obtained from livestock.
Draw conclusion. The water was contaminated and responsible for the outbreak. Chapter
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Global LO: G1 V&C
LO: VC-SS
22
Copyright © 2022
, 9) A number of different types of microscopy exist. Each type of microscopy has advantages and
disadvantages. Can you identify the microscope that would be most advantageous for the situations
below?
a. A cell biologist wishes to visualize the ribosomes of a cell.
b. A microbiologist wishes to examine the motility of a bacterium.
c. An immunologist wishes to determine if a lymphocyte possesses a certain surface protein.
d. A virologist is trying to determine the three-dimensional shape of a virus.
e. A pathologist is trying to examine the cytoplasm of a cell for changes that result from viral infection.
Answer: (Answers may vary.)
a. Electron microscopy, preferably transmission electron microscopy, should be used.
b. Phase contrast or differential-interference-contrast would be most helpful.
c. Fluorescence microscopy is often used.
d. Scanning electron microscopy should be used.
e. Transmission electron microscopy will enable the pathologist to visualize the interior. Chapter
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Global LO: G4 V&C
LO: VC-SS
10) You have identified a new molecule associated with the immune system that drastically reduces cell
division by tumor cells in vivo. Develop a hypothesis and design an experiment to test your hypothesis
using a model organism. Include an explanation as to why it is the best model for your experiment.
Answer: Answers will vary; however, the hypothesis would indicate the utility of the cytokine for
lymphoma treatment. The obvious model organism would be the mouse model. It shares a great many
similarities to humans at the cellular, anatomical, and physiological levels. It is well characterized, and the
genome has been sequenced. Further, there is a mouse model of lymphoma currently available. Mice are
easy to care for and require a relatively small amount of space to maintain.
Chapter Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Global LO: G1 V&C
LO: VC-SS
23
Copyright © 2022
