NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers

NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions and Answers
Brian,AageA28,AbeganAanAaerobicAexerciseAprogramA2AyearsAago.ABrianAnowAcompetesAinA
LongdistanceAcyclingAeventsAandAconsidersAhimselfAtoAbeAanAenduranceAathleteAwhoAisAin
AtheA"bestAshapeAofAhisAlife."AAnAechocardiogram ArevealsAaAslightlyAenlargedAleftAventricle.

AWhatAcellularAchangeAorAinjuryAthatAisAbestAexemplifiedAbyAtheAcaseAscenario.A-

ACORRECTAANSWERSA-PhysiologicAhypertrophy




AnAADAPTIVEAtypeAofAhypertrophyAthatAoccursAdueAtoAextensiveAexercise,AwherebyAtheAh
eartAwillAcreateAnewAbloodAvesselAbranchesA(angiogenesis)AandAthereAisAincreasedAmitoch
ondria,AATP,AandAactin/myosinAfilamentsAinAtheAmuscle.
Recently,AKarenAlearnedAthatAnotAonlyAdoesAHIVAdirectlyAattackACD4Acells,AbutAtheApresen
ceAofAtheAvirusAseemsAtoAactivateApathwaysAresponsibleAforAprogrammedAcellAdeathAinACD
4Acells.AThus,AHIVAinfectionAappearsAtoAincreaseAtheArateAofA"suicide"AforACD4Acells.A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Apoptosis

DefineAdysplasiaA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
ComparedAtoAnormalAcells,AcellsAdemonstratingAdysplasiaAareAatypicalAinAsizeAandAshape.
ADysplasiaAdoesAnotAmeanAtheAcellsAareAcancerous.AHowever,AsomeAscreeningAtests,Asuc

hAasAtheAPapAsmear,AexamineAtissuesAtoAdetermineAifAanyAcellularAchangesAareAtakingApla
ce.AAnyAchangesAinAtheAcellsAcanAthenAbeAmonitoredAoverAtime.
AAbiopsyAofAaAskinAlesionAisAconductedAonALeann,AaA48-year-
oldAwoman.ABiopsyAresultsArevealedAproliferatingAcellsAthatAwereAwell-
differentiatedAandAresembledAsurroundingAcells.ATheAcellsAwereAcontainedAwithinAaAwell-
definedAarea.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-BenignAneoplasia.

NeoplasiaAisAuncontrolledAandAunregulatedAcellAgrowth.ATheAmassAofAtissueAresultingAisAk
nownAasAaA"neoplasm."AInAaAbenignAneoplasm,AtheAcellsAdoAnotAhaveAtheAcharacteristicsAa
ssociatedAwithAmalignancy.ATheAcells,AalthoughAcancerous,AareAwell-
differentiated,AmeaningAtheyAresembleAnormal,AmatureAcells.ATheAcellsAareAalsoAinAaAcont
ainedAareaAandAareAunlikelyAtoAspread.
Miguel,AaAretiredAwarehouseAsupervisor,AhadAaAmyocardialAinfarction.AFurtherAevaluationAr
evealedAheAhadAsignificantAblockageAinAhisAleftAdescendingAcoronaryAartery.ATheAblockag
eAresultedAinAischemiaAandAcellAdeathAforAthoseAcellsAservedAbyAtheAartery.A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Necrosis




NecrosisAisAprematureAcellAdeathAcausedAbyAcellAinjury.ANecrosisAdiffersAfromAapoptosis,Ai
nAthatAtheAcellularAdestructionAresultsAfromAsomeAformAofAtrauma,AratherAthanAgeneticAprog
ramming.AMayAleadAtoAGANGRENEAwhichAisAwhenAdeadAtissueAhousesAbacteria.
Julianne,AwhoAsuffersAfromAfamilialAhypercholesterolemia,ApresentsAwithAxanthomas.AXan
thomasAareAexcessAcholesterolAdeposits,AwhichAappearAasAyellowAskinAlesions.AWhatAcellA
processAisAthisA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-IntracellularAaccumulation.

, SomeAdiseaseAprocessesAstimulateAintracellularAaccumulationsAofAparticles,AsuchAasAcalci
um,Acholesterol,AandAtriglycerides,Aglucose,AamongAotherAsubstances.AInAfamilialAhyperch
olesterolemia,AaAgeneticAdefectAcausesAdecreasedAcellularAuptakeAofAcholesterol,Aresultin
gAinAhighAserumAcholesterolAlevels.ACholesterolAdeposits,AknownAasAxanthomas,AmayAapp
earAtoAformAunderAtheAskin.
JanaeAexperiencedAaAfrighteningAATVAaccident,AinAwhichAherAATVAflippedAoverAandAsheAe
ndedAupAcatchingAaAportionAofAherAupperAarmAonAaAbarbedAwireAfence.AAlthoughAJanae'sAi
njuriesAhealedAfully,Aenlarged,AkeloidAscarAformationsAremainAatAtheAinjuryAsite.A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Hyperplasia




cellAproliferation,AknownAasAhyperplasia,AwasAstimulatedAasAaAresultAofAherAinjury.AAAkeloid
AresultsAfromAovergrowthAofAgranulationAtissueAduringAtheAwoundArepairAprocess.

HypertensionAthatAleadsAtoAworkloadAonAtheAleftAventricleAandAthusAenlargementAwouldAbe
Adeemed?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-PathologicalAhypertrophy.A




NoAbloodAvesselAgrowthAandAincreasedAworkloadAwouldAleadAtoAischemiaAandAenlargeme
ntAofAtheAheart.A

NCLEXATIP:ALeftAventricularAhypertrophyAwouldAleadAtoAdisplacementAofAtheAPMIAduringAc
hestApalpation.
HyperplasiaAoccursAfromAwhichAtwoAmechanisms?A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
AnAINCREASEAinAtheAnumberAofAcellsAinAaAtissueAorAorgan.

1)AhormonalA(estrogenAstimulatingAtheAmitoticAdivisionAofAbreastAglandAcells;AalsoABPHAinA
olderAmales)

2)AovercompensationAduringAregenerationA(keloidAscars)
AndyAhasAundergoneAaAcolonoscopyAbecauseAhisAfamilyAhasAaAhistoryAofAcolonAcancer.ABi
opsyAofAtheAcolonArevealsApoorlyAdifferentiatedAcellsAinAtheAsamples.ACellsAwereAabnormal
lyAorganized,AwithAdistortedAborders.AInfiltrationAofAtheAabnormalAcellsAoccurredAthroughou
tAseveralAsamples.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-MalignantAneoplasia

NeoplasiaAisAuncontrolled,AunregulatedAcellAgrowth.AMalignancy,AwhenAappliedAtoAneopla
sm,AindicatesAtheAcancerousAcellsAareAlikelyAtoAinfiltrateAotherAtissuesAandAspread.ATheAap
pearanceAofAmalignantAcellsAisAfarAfromAnormal.ASuchAcellsAareApoorlyAdifferentiatedAandAa
ppearAtoAhaveAaArandomAorganization.ABiopsyAsamplesAofAmalignantAneoplasiaArevealAcell
sAmovingAbeyondAtheAbordersAorAedgesAofAtheAgrowth.
Walter,AageA62,AhadAtoAundergoAanAendoscopicAexaminationAofAhisAesophagusAdueAtoAhisA
complaintAofAfrequentA"heartburn"AafterAmostAmeals.AExaminationAofAtheAcellsAshowsAthatA
ratherAthanAnormalAsquamousAcellsAliningAtheAesophagus,AWalterAhadAcolumnarAcellsA-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Metaplasia

CardiacAcatheterizationAresultsAforABeatrice,AaA54-year-oldApatient,AshowAplaqueAbuild-
up,AappearingAasAhardenedAareasAinAtheAcoronaryAarteries.ABeatrice,AwhoAisAoverweightAa
ndAleadsAaAsedentaryAlifestyle,AhasAseveralAriskAfactorsAforAatherosclerosis.AAAcoronaryAca
lciumAscanAisAconductedAtoAhelpAanalyzeAtheAstateAofAtheAarterialAplaques.A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-PathologicAcalcification