EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
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Australopithecus africanus - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.3-2.5 mya.
Braincase rounded, relatively larger.
Palate more parabolic than U-shaped.
Toe and hand morphology suggest arboreality.
Phylogenetic position uncertain.
-Homo-like cranial morphology.
-Paranthropus-like facial structure.
The "Robust" Australopithecines - CORRECT ANSWERS Paranthropus spp.
-2.3-1.2 mya.
-Relatively large body (and brain).
-Massive jaw musculature (to feed on low quality diets, plants).
-Made stone tools.
Kenyanthropus - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-3.3 mya, Kenya.
Contemporary of A. afarensis.
Flat face, small teeth.
Related to H. rudolfensis.
(debatable grouping with Kenya.)
Major Physiological And Ecological Changes In Human Evolution - CORRECT ANSWERS
Bipedalism precedes habitat expansion.
Varied diet (and prep!) and hunting strategies reflected in dentition...
...correlates with brain size increases.
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
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Lecture 11/30 - CORRECT ANSWERS 14/39
Evolution of Bipedalism - CORRECT ANSWERS Anatomical changes:
-Neck, chest, lower back, hips and pelvis, thighs, knees, feet.
Hypotheses:
-Tool use and bipedalism (Darwin/Washburn).
-Energy efficiency and bipedalism (Isbell/Young).
-Radiator theory (Falk).
-Body temperature and bipedalism (Wheeler).
-Habitat variability and bipedalism (Potts).
-Reproduction and bipedalism (Lovejoy).
Canine reduction and bipedalism (Jolly).
Transitional Humans - CORRECT ANSWERS Pre-modern humans (2.4-1.4 Mya).
Bridge species.
Bigger brains than archaic forms (610-800 cc).
Ape-like proportions with bipedal gait.
Tool-making and use (used fire but didn't make it).
Teeth indicate mixed diet.
Coexisted with H. erectus.
Conflicts with linear evolution model.
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
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Homo naledi - CORRECT ANSWERS Discovered in South Africa and reported in Sept.
2015 eLife.
737 anatomical elements.
Minimally disturbed due to location deep within a cave system.
(taphonomic gold mine!)
Estimated 13 individuals, representative of infants, young/old juveniles, young/old adults.
Burial site but not conclusive.
Many Homo-like features.
Similar to australopiths.
-Relatively small endocranial volume 465-560 cc.
-Prominent supraorbital brow.
-Small stature.
Recent analysis of craniodental features of different Homo species and H. naledi suggests that it
is more closely related to them rather than older hominids, dating it at ~912,000 ya.
Analysis is limited to craniodental features...why is that?
Currently undated...
If older than 2Myo, then would be earliest example of Homo represented by more than a single
fragment.
, EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
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If younger than 1Myo, then would "demonstrate coexistence of multiple Homo morphs into
later periods of human evolution."
Mosaic of Homo and australopith-like features suggests "H. naledi may be rooted within the
original diversification of our species."
Homo ergaster/erectus - CORRECT ANSWERS 1.89-0.143 Mya.
-longest-lived hominins.
Human-like proportions.
-800-1K cc cranial capacity.
-up to 6 ft. tall.
-varied diet (meat, honey, tubers).
Transition from habilis to erectus.
Supports punctuated equilibrium model.
Long-running tool-making industry (Aechulian, 1.6 Myo).
-hand-axes (bifaces), bones show evidence of butchery.
-similarity in shapes over different locations suggest communication
Regular fire-usage (protection, warmth, cooking, social).
Fire As A Key Innovation - CORRECT ANSWERS As % of food eaten raw went down, age-
adjusted BMI went up, and % of women with amenorrhea when down.
Cooked food is more nutritious than raw food.
Evidence of fire use: > 1.4 Mya (Kooba Fora and Chesowanja).
Bipedalism in plains environs increased encounters with fires due to weather.
-early humans foraged for fire.
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Australopithecus africanus - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.3-2.5 mya.
Braincase rounded, relatively larger.
Palate more parabolic than U-shaped.
Toe and hand morphology suggest arboreality.
Phylogenetic position uncertain.
-Homo-like cranial morphology.
-Paranthropus-like facial structure.
The "Robust" Australopithecines - CORRECT ANSWERS Paranthropus spp.
-2.3-1.2 mya.
-Relatively large body (and brain).
-Massive jaw musculature (to feed on low quality diets, plants).
-Made stone tools.
Kenyanthropus - CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-3.3 mya, Kenya.
Contemporary of A. afarensis.
Flat face, small teeth.
Related to H. rudolfensis.
(debatable grouping with Kenya.)
Major Physiological And Ecological Changes In Human Evolution - CORRECT ANSWERS
Bipedalism precedes habitat expansion.
Varied diet (and prep!) and hunting strategies reflected in dentition...
...correlates with brain size increases.
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS
100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Lecture 11/30 - CORRECT ANSWERS 14/39
Evolution of Bipedalism - CORRECT ANSWERS Anatomical changes:
-Neck, chest, lower back, hips and pelvis, thighs, knees, feet.
Hypotheses:
-Tool use and bipedalism (Darwin/Washburn).
-Energy efficiency and bipedalism (Isbell/Young).
-Radiator theory (Falk).
-Body temperature and bipedalism (Wheeler).
-Habitat variability and bipedalism (Potts).
-Reproduction and bipedalism (Lovejoy).
Canine reduction and bipedalism (Jolly).
Transitional Humans - CORRECT ANSWERS Pre-modern humans (2.4-1.4 Mya).
Bridge species.
Bigger brains than archaic forms (610-800 cc).
Ape-like proportions with bipedal gait.
Tool-making and use (used fire but didn't make it).
Teeth indicate mixed diet.
Coexisted with H. erectus.
Conflicts with linear evolution model.
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS
100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Homo naledi - CORRECT ANSWERS Discovered in South Africa and reported in Sept.
2015 eLife.
737 anatomical elements.
Minimally disturbed due to location deep within a cave system.
(taphonomic gold mine!)
Estimated 13 individuals, representative of infants, young/old juveniles, young/old adults.
Burial site but not conclusive.
Many Homo-like features.
Similar to australopiths.
-Relatively small endocranial volume 465-560 cc.
-Prominent supraorbital brow.
-Small stature.
Recent analysis of craniodental features of different Homo species and H. naledi suggests that it
is more closely related to them rather than older hominids, dating it at ~912,000 ya.
Analysis is limited to craniodental features...why is that?
Currently undated...
If older than 2Myo, then would be earliest example of Homo represented by more than a single
fragment.
, EEOB 3310 EXAM #4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
DOWNLOADED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS
100% CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
If younger than 1Myo, then would "demonstrate coexistence of multiple Homo morphs into
later periods of human evolution."
Mosaic of Homo and australopith-like features suggests "H. naledi may be rooted within the
original diversification of our species."
Homo ergaster/erectus - CORRECT ANSWERS 1.89-0.143 Mya.
-longest-lived hominins.
Human-like proportions.
-800-1K cc cranial capacity.
-up to 6 ft. tall.
-varied diet (meat, honey, tubers).
Transition from habilis to erectus.
Supports punctuated equilibrium model.
Long-running tool-making industry (Aechulian, 1.6 Myo).
-hand-axes (bifaces), bones show evidence of butchery.
-similarity in shapes over different locations suggest communication
Regular fire-usage (protection, warmth, cooking, social).
Fire As A Key Innovation - CORRECT ANSWERS As % of food eaten raw went down, age-
adjusted BMI went up, and % of women with amenorrhea when down.
Cooked food is more nutritious than raw food.
Evidence of fire use: > 1.4 Mya (Kooba Fora and Chesowanja).
Bipedalism in plains environs increased encounters with fires due to weather.
-early humans foraged for fire.
