BIOD 331
BIOD 331 / NURS 231 Pathophysiology –
Module 2 Exam. Portage Learning – Latest
2025 Update & Verified.
1. What is proliferation?: Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new
cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
2. Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and
uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-
regulating stimuli.: Genetic abnormalities
3. What is differentiation?: Process by which cells become more specialized
with each mitotic division
4. What is apoptosis?: Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
5. What are proto-oncogenes?: Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal
for the cell to proliferate
6. What do tumor suppressor genes do?: Cell death. Encode proteins that
inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
, 7. What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
8. What is the S phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
9. What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
10. The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________:
Interphase
11. What are cell cycle checkpoints?: Means of molecular surveillance
used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
12. What is the M phase of the cell cycle?: Mitosis and cytoplasmic
division.
13. Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually
cycles from one mitotic division to the next.: Skin's squamous epithelium
14. What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called?:
G0 or resting phase
, 15. Why would a cell enter the G0 phase?: 1. Nutrients are
unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
16. What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in
G0?: Neurons
(highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
17. What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase?: Cell receives stimuli
via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
18. Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains
in G0 phase until prompted.: Blood loss or tissue injury
19. Define cell proliferation: Process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division.
, 20. In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is
__________ to the number of cells dying or being shed.: Equivalent
21. When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within
one of these two categories:: 1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
28. Gametes are _________: Haploids
29. What is a haploid?: A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
30. What are haploids designed for?: Sexual function
31. After fusion, a _________ cell is formed: Diploid
32. How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have?: 2
33. Diploids are an example of what type of cell?: Somatic
34. Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or
reproduces: 1. Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
35. Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide
and reproduce.: 1. Blood cells
BIOD 331 / NURS 231 Pathophysiology –
Module 2 Exam. Portage Learning – Latest
2025 Update & Verified.
1. What is proliferation?: Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new
cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
2. Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and
uncontrolled proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-
regulating stimuli.: Genetic abnormalities
3. What is differentiation?: Process by which cells become more specialized
with each mitotic division
4. What is apoptosis?: Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
5. What are proto-oncogenes?: Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal
for the cell to proliferate
6. What do tumor suppressor genes do?: Cell death. Encode proteins that
inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
, 7. What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
8. What is the S phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
9. What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle?: DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
10. The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________:
Interphase
11. What are cell cycle checkpoints?: Means of molecular surveillance
used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
12. What is the M phase of the cell cycle?: Mitosis and cytoplasmic
division.
13. Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually
cycles from one mitotic division to the next.: Skin's squamous epithelium
14. What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called?:
G0 or resting phase
, 15. Why would a cell enter the G0 phase?: 1. Nutrients are
unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
16. What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in
G0?: Neurons
(highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
17. What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase?: Cell receives stimuli
via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
18. Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains
in G0 phase until prompted.: Blood loss or tissue injury
19. Define cell proliferation: Process of increasing cell numbers by
mitotic cell division.
, 20. In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is
__________ to the number of cells dying or being shed.: Equivalent
21. When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within
one of these two categories:: 1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
28. Gametes are _________: Haploids
29. What is a haploid?: A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
30. What are haploids designed for?: Sexual function
31. After fusion, a _________ cell is formed: Diploid
32. How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have?: 2
33. Diploids are an example of what type of cell?: Somatic
34. Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or
reproduces: 1. Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
35. Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide
and reproduce.: 1. Blood cells
