MMG 301 EXAM 2 MSU QUESTONS AND ANSWERS
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅all the genetic material in a cell; includes the chromosome, plasmids,
DNA, RNA
Template DNA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The segment of DNA being sequenced
Primer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Needed to elongate and build the fragment. It binds to the template
DNA and attaches the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5'-3'
direction
Pyrosequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅aka 2nd generation sequencing
increases the speed of genome projects by using massively parallel methods where 1000s of sequences
reactions can be performed simultaneously
Alignment - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Different fragments will share the same sequences. the insertion of
gaps into a set of sequences organized in rows so that homologous fragments are organized in vertical
columns. Alignment is necessary prior to phylogenetic analysis because deletion and insertion mutations
cause variations in the length of molecular sequences
Overlaps - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅similar sequences from different fragments
Open Reading Frames (ORF) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a sequence of DNA orRNA that encodes a protein
Bioinformatics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the branch of biology dealing with computational approaches in
storage, analysis, and comparison of genomes
Vertical Gene Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Inheritance: genes are replicated and the cell divides to
transfer the DNA to two daughter cells
, Horizontal Gene Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅smaller segments of DNA move from 1 cell to
another. can be done by transformation, conjugation, or transduction
RNA-Seq - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅examines all mRNA transcripts in a cell. used for comparing: one
microorganism under 2 different conditions, or many related microorganisms under same conditions
pan genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅core and the unique genome (the entire genome) of multiple
strains of the same microorganism
Core Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅genes that all the microorganisms in the different strains have in
common
pathogenicity islands - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅aka genomic islands are unique genes clustered together
Gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the conversion of DNA genetic information into a functional
protein (a metabolic pathway)
Transcription Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅controls making the RNA of the DNA
Translation Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blocks the synthesis of a protein using sRNA molecules
methanogen - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅archaea that produces CH4 from H2.
contain pathways that involve enzymes and cofactors not found anywhere else in nature.
they are anaerobes that live in specific habitats
Extremophiles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅organisms that live in extreme conditions i.e. pH, salt
concentrations, and temperature
compatible solutes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅internal solutes synthesized by a halophilic archaea (or
imported like K into the cell) that equalize the water and activity between the inside and outside of the
cell
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅all the genetic material in a cell; includes the chromosome, plasmids,
DNA, RNA
Template DNA - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The segment of DNA being sequenced
Primer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Needed to elongate and build the fragment. It binds to the template
DNA and attaches the first deoxyribonucleotide during DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅enzyme that synthesizes a new strand of DNA in the 5'-3'
direction
Pyrosequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅aka 2nd generation sequencing
increases the speed of genome projects by using massively parallel methods where 1000s of sequences
reactions can be performed simultaneously
Alignment - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Different fragments will share the same sequences. the insertion of
gaps into a set of sequences organized in rows so that homologous fragments are organized in vertical
columns. Alignment is necessary prior to phylogenetic analysis because deletion and insertion mutations
cause variations in the length of molecular sequences
Overlaps - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅similar sequences from different fragments
Open Reading Frames (ORF) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a sequence of DNA orRNA that encodes a protein
Bioinformatics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the branch of biology dealing with computational approaches in
storage, analysis, and comparison of genomes
Vertical Gene Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Inheritance: genes are replicated and the cell divides to
transfer the DNA to two daughter cells
, Horizontal Gene Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅smaller segments of DNA move from 1 cell to
another. can be done by transformation, conjugation, or transduction
RNA-Seq - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅examines all mRNA transcripts in a cell. used for comparing: one
microorganism under 2 different conditions, or many related microorganisms under same conditions
pan genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅core and the unique genome (the entire genome) of multiple
strains of the same microorganism
Core Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅genes that all the microorganisms in the different strains have in
common
pathogenicity islands - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅aka genomic islands are unique genes clustered together
Gene expression - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the conversion of DNA genetic information into a functional
protein (a metabolic pathway)
Transcription Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅controls making the RNA of the DNA
Translation Control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blocks the synthesis of a protein using sRNA molecules
methanogen - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅archaea that produces CH4 from H2.
contain pathways that involve enzymes and cofactors not found anywhere else in nature.
they are anaerobes that live in specific habitats
Extremophiles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅organisms that live in extreme conditions i.e. pH, salt
concentrations, and temperature
compatible solutes - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅internal solutes synthesized by a halophilic archaea (or
imported like K into the cell) that equalize the water and activity between the inside and outside of the
cell
