MSU MMG 301 EXAM QUESTONS AND ANSWERS
16S rRNA genes are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribosomal RNA that has a long, highly conserved, specific,
gene sequence
Autoclave - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a machine that uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and spores on items that are placed inside a pressure vessel.
Sterilization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The process of destroying all microbes
Pasturization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to
kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.
batch method - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pasteurization at 63'C for 30 minutes.
Continuous Flow - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅72'C for 15 sec followed by cooling to 4'C
UV radiation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅kills or inactivates microbes by damaging their deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
ionizing radiation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms
and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. (gamma radiation, grays units)
Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the duration (usually in minutes) of heating time
at a constant lethal temperature required for the reduction of the number of living cells by a factor of 10
(10-fold, one log factor).
HEPA filters - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅high efficiency particulate air; 0.3 micron particles with 99.97%
efficiency
membrane filters - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used for sterilization, have uniform pore size (0.2 microns, no
cells can pass through)
,Biosafety level (BSL) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used to identify the protective measures needed in a
laboratory setting to protect workers, the environment, and the public
Bacteriostatic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the agent prevents the growth of bacteria (keeps them in the
stationary phase of growth)
Bacteriocidal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅agent that kills bacteria (death phase). Viable cell count decrease,
total cell count stays the same.
Bacteriolytic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bacterial cells killed by lysis (cells destroyed) TCC and VCC
decrease.
chemical antimicrobial - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a natural or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae.
Sterilizers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅kills all microbes, kills spores. Use: hospital lab equipment,
instruments, medical devices
disinfectant - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used on non-living surfaces, may kill spores, less toxic. Use: Home,
hospitals
Antiseptics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅non-toxic chemicals used on living tissues. Use: wounds, skin,
surgical sites
sanitizers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reduce number of microbes, but may not kill all. Low toxicity to
animals. Use: food preparation
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's
chromosomes.
DNA sequence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA
, Targeted sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sequence a specific gene or region of a genome
whole genome sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a process that determines the nucleotide sequence
of an entire genome
deep sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅sequencing a genomic region multiple times, hundreds or
even thousands of times
alingment - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Finding shared sequence on different fragments
ORF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅open reading frame; region of DNA that encodes a protein
horizontal gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A process in which an organism incorporates genetic
material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
scatterlight - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cells that are dead but stay intact
vertical gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅flow of genetic information from one generation to the
next
Pathogenicity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ability to cause disease
core genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the part of a genome shared by all strains of a species
pan genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅combination of all genes of all strains
comparative genomics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Computer-aided comparison of DNA sequences
between different organisms to reveal genes with related functions.
16S rRNA genes are: - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ribosomal RNA that has a long, highly conserved, specific,
gene sequence
Autoclave - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a machine that uses steam under pressure to kill harmful bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and spores on items that are placed inside a pressure vessel.
Sterilization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅The process of destroying all microbes
Pasturization - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to
kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.
batch method - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Pasteurization at 63'C for 30 minutes.
Continuous Flow - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅72'C for 15 sec followed by cooling to 4'C
UV radiation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅kills or inactivates microbes by damaging their deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
ionizing radiation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms
and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. (gamma radiation, grays units)
Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the duration (usually in minutes) of heating time
at a constant lethal temperature required for the reduction of the number of living cells by a factor of 10
(10-fold, one log factor).
HEPA filters - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅high efficiency particulate air; 0.3 micron particles with 99.97%
efficiency
membrane filters - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used for sterilization, have uniform pore size (0.2 microns, no
cells can pass through)
,Biosafety level (BSL) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used to identify the protective measures needed in a
laboratory setting to protect workers, the environment, and the public
Bacteriostatic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the agent prevents the growth of bacteria (keeps them in the
stationary phase of growth)
Bacteriocidal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅agent that kills bacteria (death phase). Viable cell count decrease,
total cell count stays the same.
Bacteriolytic - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅bacterial cells killed by lysis (cells destroyed) TCC and VCC
decrease.
chemical antimicrobial - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a natural or synthetic substance that kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae.
Sterilizers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅kills all microbes, kills spores. Use: hospital lab equipment,
instruments, medical devices
disinfectant - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅used on non-living surfaces, may kill spores, less toxic. Use: Home,
hospitals
Antiseptics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅non-toxic chemicals used on living tissues. Use: wounds, skin,
surgical sites
sanitizers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅reduce number of microbes, but may not kill all. Low toxicity to
animals. Use: food preparation
Genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's
chromosomes.
DNA sequence - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅order of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA
, Targeted sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Sequence a specific gene or region of a genome
whole genome sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅a process that determines the nucleotide sequence
of an entire genome
deep sequencing - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅sequencing a genomic region multiple times, hundreds or
even thousands of times
alingment - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Finding shared sequence on different fragments
ORF - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅open reading frame; region of DNA that encodes a protein
horizontal gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅A process in which an organism incorporates genetic
material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism
scatterlight - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅cells that are dead but stay intact
vertical gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅flow of genetic information from one generation to the
next
Pathogenicity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅ability to cause disease
core genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅the part of a genome shared by all strains of a species
pan genome - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅combination of all genes of all strains
comparative genomics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Computer-aided comparison of DNA sequences
between different organisms to reveal genes with related functions.
