APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ✔✔ correct answer Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects
only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone)
into the bloodstream and act on target cells
What is an exocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a
body surface.
Where is the thymus located? - ✔✔ correct answer mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? - ✔✔ correct answer center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? - ✔✔ correct answer abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? - ✔✔ correct answer sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base
of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? - ✔✔ correct answer on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? - ✔✔ correct answer posterior to the stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? - ✔✔ correct answer Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
,APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. - ✔✔ correct answer Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target
cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein.
Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? - ✔✔ correct answer
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary
remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to
and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ✔✔ correct answer Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones - ✔✔ correct answer stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
anterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ correct answer ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate
production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ correct answer ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
, APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and
decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones - ✔✔ correct answer epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart
rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium
and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone - ✔✔ correct answer Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T
lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? - ✔✔ correct answer Both work to keep blood glucose
concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different? - ✔✔ correct answer Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔ correct answer Diabetes insipitus - a
person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no insulin. Type 2
occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ✔✔ correct answer Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects
only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone)
into the bloodstream and act on target cells
What is an exocrine gland? - ✔✔ correct answer A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a
body surface.
Where is the thymus located? - ✔✔ correct answer mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? - ✔✔ correct answer center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? - ✔✔ correct answer abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? - ✔✔ correct answer sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base
of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? - ✔✔ correct answer on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? - ✔✔ correct answer posterior to the stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? - ✔✔ correct answer Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
,APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. - ✔✔ correct answer Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target
cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein.
Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? - ✔✔ correct answer
The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary
remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to
and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ✔✔ correct answer Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones - ✔✔ correct answer stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
anterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ correct answer ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate
production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones - ✔✔ correct answer ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
, APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones - ✔✔ correct answer PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and
decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones - ✔✔ correct answer epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart
rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium
and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone - ✔✔ correct answer Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones - ✔✔ correct answer Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T
lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? - ✔✔ correct answer Both work to keep blood glucose
concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different? - ✔✔ correct answer Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔ correct answer Diabetes insipitus - a
person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no insulin. Type 2
occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
