American History Chapter 21 Connecting with the Past 15th Edition Brinkley

Allies (Triple Entente) - -Great Britain, France, Russia American Expeditionary Force - -About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals Central Powers (Triple Alliance) - -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) - -A policy for "substituting dollars for bullets" by William Howard Taft. It would link American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad without force, but with investments. General John J. Pershing - -General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI. "Great Migration" (of the 20th century) - -Movement of about 2 million blacks out of the Southern United States. African Americans migrated to the Midwest, Northeast, and West. They were recruited to work in northern factories because of war production; move to urban areas; aggravate racial tensions; WW1 League of Nations (1919) - -After the war, Wilson proposed the League in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not. Ludlow Massacre (1914) - -An unsuccessful labor strike against the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. When the walkout began in 1913, mine owners evicted 11,000 strikers and their families from company housing. They moved into tent colonies, which armed militia units soon surrounded. In 1914, the militia attacked the largest tent city, at Ludlow, and burned it to the ground, killing an estimated twenty to thirty men, women, and children. This was one of a series of mass strikes among immigrant workers during the Progressive Era that placed labor's demand for the right to bargain collectively at the center of the reform agenda. Lusitania (1915) - -A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat (submarine) on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans. Marcus Garvey () - -Universal Negro Improvement Association Black leader who advocated "black nationalism and financial independence for blacks. He started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti - -Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs. Nineteenth Amendment - -The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Palmer Raids, - -In raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, the U.S. government searched for political radicals and deported foreign born political activists. Pancho Villa - -A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. Red Scare () - -Brief period of mass anti-communist paranoia in the U.S., during which a number of legislatures passed anti-red statutes that often violated the right to free speech. Roosevelt Corollary - -Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force Senator Henry Cabot Lodge - -Republican who led the opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations; isolationist The Fourteen Points - -The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. Treaty of Versailles - -Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment. Trench Warfare/No Man's Land - -A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other called "No Man's Land." Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - -Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente. Triple Entente (Allied Powers) - -Great Britain, France, Russia United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - -A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States. Zimmermann Telegram (1917) - -British intelligence passed along a decoded message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann saying that if Mexico joined in war with Germany against the U.S., Germany would give Mexico the "lost provinces" of Texas and the American Southwest. Mexico declined and the U.S. declared war against Germany just over a month later.