Federal7gTax7gResearch,7g12th7gEdi Page7g1-1
tion
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research 12th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS
DISCUSSION7gQUESTIONS
1-1.
In7gthe7gUnited7gStates,7gthe7gtax7gsystem7gis7gan7goutgrowth7gof7gthe7gfollowing7gfive7gd
isciplines:7glaw,7gaccounting,7geconomics,7gpolitical7gscience,7gand7gsociology.7gThe7genvironm
ent7gfor7gthe7gtax7gsystem7gis7gprovided7gby7gthe7gprinciples7gof7geconomics,7gsociology,7gand7gpo
litical7gscience,7gwhile7gthe7glegal7gand7gaccounting7gfields7gare7gresponsible7gfor7g the7gsystem‘s
7ginterpretation7g and7gapplication.
Each7gof7gthese7gdisciplines7gaffects7gthis7gcountry‘s7gtax7gsystem7gin7ga7gunique7gway.7gEconom
ists7gaddress7gsuch7gissues7gas7ghow7gproposed7gtax7glegislation7gwill7gaffect7gthe7grate7gof7ginflatio
n7gor7geconomic7ggrowth.7gMeasurement7gof7gthe7gsocial7gequity7gof7ga7gtax7gand7gdetermining7gw
hether7ga7gtax7gsystem7gdiscriminates7gagainst7gcertain7gtaxpayers7gare7gissues7gthat7gare7gexamin
ed7gby7gsociologists7gand7gpolitical7gscientists.
Finally,7gattorneys7gare7gresponsible7gfor7gthe7ginterpretation7gof7gthe7gtaxation7gstatutes,7gand7gac
countants7gensure7gthat7gthese7gsame7gstatutes7gare7gapplied7gconsistently.
Page7g4
1-2. The7gother7gmajor7gcategories7gof7gtax7gpractice7gin7gaddition7gto7gtax7gresearch7gare7gas7gfollows:
Tax7gcompliance
Tax7gplanning
Tax7glitigatio
n7gPage7g5
1-3.
Tax7gcompliance7gconsists7gof7ggathering7gpertinent7ginformation,7gevaluating7gand7gclas
sifying7gthat7ginformation,7gand7gfiling7gany7gnecessary7gtax7greturns.7gCompliance7galso7ginclud
es7gother7gfunctions7gnecessary7gto7gsatisfy7ggovernmental7grequirements,7gsuch7gas7grepresentin
,Page7g1-2 SOLUTIONS7gMANUA
g7ga7gclient7gduring7gan7gInternal7gRevenue7gService7g(IRS)7gaudit. L
,Federal7gTax7gResearch,7g12th7gEdi Page7g1-3
tion
Page7g5
1-4.
Most7gof7gthe7gtax7gcompliance7gwork7gis7gperformed7gby7gcommercial7gtax7gpreparers,7g
enrolled7gagents7g(EAs),7gattorneys,7gand7gcertified7gpublic7gaccountants7g(CPAs).7gNoncomplex
7g individual,7gpartnership,7gand7gcorporate7gtax7greturns7goften7gare7gcompleted7gby7gcommercial7g
tax7gpreparers.7gThe7gpreparation7gof7gmore7gcomplex7greturns7gusually7gis7gperformed7gby7gEAs,
7g attorneys,7gand7gCPAs.7gThe7glatter7ggroups7galso7gprovide7gtax7gplanning7gservices7gand7grepres
ent7gtheir7gclients7gbefore7gthe7gIRS.
An7gEA7gis7gone7gwho7gis7gadmitted7gto7gpractice7gbefore7gthe7gIRS7gby7gpassing7ga7gspecial7gIRS-
administered7gexamination,7gor7gwho7ghas7gworked7gfor7gthe7gIRS7gfor7gfive7gyears7gand7gis7gissued
a permit7gto7grepresent7gclients7gbefore7gthe7gIRS.7gCPAs7gand7gattorneys7gare7gnot7grequired7gto7
7g 7g
gtake7gthis7gexamination7gand7gare7gautomatically7gadmitted7gto7gpractice7gbefore7gthe7gIRS7gif7gthe
y7gare7gin7ggood7gstanding7gwith7gthe7gappropriate7gprofessional7glicensing7gboard.
Page7g57gand7gCircular7g230
1-5.
Tax7gplanning7gis7gthe7gprocess7gof7garranging7gone‘s7gfinancial7gaffairs7gto7gminimize7gany7
gtax7gliability.7gMuch7gof7gmodern7gtax7gpractice7gcenters7garound7gthis7gprocess,7gand7gthe7gresulting7
g outcome7gis7gtax7gavoidance.
There7gis7gnothing7gillegal7gor7gimmoral7gin7gthe7gavoidance7gof7gtaxation7gas7glong7gas7gthe7gtaxpay
er7gremains7gwithin7glegal7gbounds.7gIn7gcontrast,7gtax7gevasion7gconstitutes7gthe7gillegal7gnonpayme
nt7gof7ga7gtax7gand7gcannot7gbe7gcondoned.7gActivities7gof7gthis7gsort7gclearly7gviolate7gexisting7glegal7
gconstraints7gand7gfall7goutside7gof7gthe7gdomain7gof7gthe7gprofessional7gtax7gpractitioner.
Page7g6
1-6.
In7gan7gopen7gtax7gplanning7gsituation,7gthe7gtransaction7gis7gnot7gyet7gcomplete;7gtherefore,7
gthe7gtax7gpractitioner7gmaintains7gsome7gdegree7gof7gcontrol7gover7gthe7gpotential7gtax7gliability,7gan
d7gthe7gtransaction7gmay7gbe7gmodi-
7g fied7gto7gachieve7ga7gmore7gfavorable7gtax7gtreatment.7gIn7ga7gclosed7gtransaction7ghowever,7gall7go
f7gthe7gpertinent7gactions7ghave7gbeen7gcompleted,7gand7gtax7gplanning7gactivities7gmay7gbe7glimited7g
, Page7g1-4 SOLUTIONS7gMANUA
L
to7gthe7gpresentation7gof7gthe7gsituation7gto7gthe7ggovernment7gin7gthe7gmost7glegally7gadvantageous7
g manner7g possible.
tion
Solution Manual Federal Tax Research 12th Edition by Roby Sawyers, Steven Gill
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO TAX PRACTICE AND ETHICS
DISCUSSION7gQUESTIONS
1-1.
In7gthe7gUnited7gStates,7gthe7gtax7gsystem7gis7gan7goutgrowth7gof7gthe7gfollowing7gfive7gd
isciplines:7glaw,7gaccounting,7geconomics,7gpolitical7gscience,7gand7gsociology.7gThe7genvironm
ent7gfor7gthe7gtax7gsystem7gis7gprovided7gby7gthe7gprinciples7gof7geconomics,7gsociology,7gand7gpo
litical7gscience,7gwhile7gthe7glegal7gand7gaccounting7gfields7gare7gresponsible7gfor7g the7gsystem‘s
7ginterpretation7g and7gapplication.
Each7gof7gthese7gdisciplines7gaffects7gthis7gcountry‘s7gtax7gsystem7gin7ga7gunique7gway.7gEconom
ists7gaddress7gsuch7gissues7gas7ghow7gproposed7gtax7glegislation7gwill7gaffect7gthe7grate7gof7ginflatio
n7gor7geconomic7ggrowth.7gMeasurement7gof7gthe7gsocial7gequity7gof7ga7gtax7gand7gdetermining7gw
hether7ga7gtax7gsystem7gdiscriminates7gagainst7gcertain7gtaxpayers7gare7gissues7gthat7gare7gexamin
ed7gby7gsociologists7gand7gpolitical7gscientists.
Finally,7gattorneys7gare7gresponsible7gfor7gthe7ginterpretation7gof7gthe7gtaxation7gstatutes,7gand7gac
countants7gensure7gthat7gthese7gsame7gstatutes7gare7gapplied7gconsistently.
Page7g4
1-2. The7gother7gmajor7gcategories7gof7gtax7gpractice7gin7gaddition7gto7gtax7gresearch7gare7gas7gfollows:
Tax7gcompliance
Tax7gplanning
Tax7glitigatio
n7gPage7g5
1-3.
Tax7gcompliance7gconsists7gof7ggathering7gpertinent7ginformation,7gevaluating7gand7gclas
sifying7gthat7ginformation,7gand7gfiling7gany7gnecessary7gtax7greturns.7gCompliance7galso7ginclud
es7gother7gfunctions7gnecessary7gto7gsatisfy7ggovernmental7grequirements,7gsuch7gas7grepresentin
,Page7g1-2 SOLUTIONS7gMANUA
g7ga7gclient7gduring7gan7gInternal7gRevenue7gService7g(IRS)7gaudit. L
,Federal7gTax7gResearch,7g12th7gEdi Page7g1-3
tion
Page7g5
1-4.
Most7gof7gthe7gtax7gcompliance7gwork7gis7gperformed7gby7gcommercial7gtax7gpreparers,7g
enrolled7gagents7g(EAs),7gattorneys,7gand7gcertified7gpublic7gaccountants7g(CPAs).7gNoncomplex
7g individual,7gpartnership,7gand7gcorporate7gtax7greturns7goften7gare7gcompleted7gby7gcommercial7g
tax7gpreparers.7gThe7gpreparation7gof7gmore7gcomplex7greturns7gusually7gis7gperformed7gby7gEAs,
7g attorneys,7gand7gCPAs.7gThe7glatter7ggroups7galso7gprovide7gtax7gplanning7gservices7gand7grepres
ent7gtheir7gclients7gbefore7gthe7gIRS.
An7gEA7gis7gone7gwho7gis7gadmitted7gto7gpractice7gbefore7gthe7gIRS7gby7gpassing7ga7gspecial7gIRS-
administered7gexamination,7gor7gwho7ghas7gworked7gfor7gthe7gIRS7gfor7gfive7gyears7gand7gis7gissued
a permit7gto7grepresent7gclients7gbefore7gthe7gIRS.7gCPAs7gand7gattorneys7gare7gnot7grequired7gto7
7g 7g
gtake7gthis7gexamination7gand7gare7gautomatically7gadmitted7gto7gpractice7gbefore7gthe7gIRS7gif7gthe
y7gare7gin7ggood7gstanding7gwith7gthe7gappropriate7gprofessional7glicensing7gboard.
Page7g57gand7gCircular7g230
1-5.
Tax7gplanning7gis7gthe7gprocess7gof7garranging7gone‘s7gfinancial7gaffairs7gto7gminimize7gany7
gtax7gliability.7gMuch7gof7gmodern7gtax7gpractice7gcenters7garound7gthis7gprocess,7gand7gthe7gresulting7
g outcome7gis7gtax7gavoidance.
There7gis7gnothing7gillegal7gor7gimmoral7gin7gthe7gavoidance7gof7gtaxation7gas7glong7gas7gthe7gtaxpay
er7gremains7gwithin7glegal7gbounds.7gIn7gcontrast,7gtax7gevasion7gconstitutes7gthe7gillegal7gnonpayme
nt7gof7ga7gtax7gand7gcannot7gbe7gcondoned.7gActivities7gof7gthis7gsort7gclearly7gviolate7gexisting7glegal7
gconstraints7gand7gfall7goutside7gof7gthe7gdomain7gof7gthe7gprofessional7gtax7gpractitioner.
Page7g6
1-6.
In7gan7gopen7gtax7gplanning7gsituation,7gthe7gtransaction7gis7gnot7gyet7gcomplete;7gtherefore,7
gthe7gtax7gpractitioner7gmaintains7gsome7gdegree7gof7gcontrol7gover7gthe7gpotential7gtax7gliability,7gan
d7gthe7gtransaction7gmay7gbe7gmodi-
7g fied7gto7gachieve7ga7gmore7gfavorable7gtax7gtreatment.7gIn7ga7gclosed7gtransaction7ghowever,7gall7go
f7gthe7gpertinent7gactions7ghave7gbeen7gcompleted,7gand7gtax7gplanning7gactivities7gmay7gbe7glimited7g
, Page7g1-4 SOLUTIONS7gMANUA
L
to7gthe7gpresentation7gof7gthe7gsituation7gto7gthe7ggovernment7gin7gthe7gmost7glegally7gadvantageous7
g manner7g possible.