Bontrager anatomy midterm review Exam |977
Questions and Answers
How many bones are in the human body? - -206
-The humerus is a long bone. T or F - -True
-What is an example of short bones? - -carpals and tarsals
-What is a freely movable joint? - -synovial joint
-Osteology - -Study of bones
-Axial skeleton - -All the bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body (80 bones)
-Appendicular skeleton - -All bones of extremities, and shoulder and pelvic girdles (126
bones)
-Long bones - -Consist of body and two ends or extremities
-Short bones - -Roughly cuboidal and consists of cancellous tissue within a thin outer
covering of compact bone
-Flat bones - -Consists of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow
between them
-Irregular bones - -Bones with peculiar shapes
-Diploe - -Narrow space between inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium
-Ossification - -Process by which bones form within the body (begins at about 6th
embryonic week and continues until adulthood)
-Intramembranous - -Bone formation- when bone replaces membranes (occurs rapidly)
-Endochondral - -Bone formation- when bone replaces cartilage (slower)
-Arthrology - -The study of joints or articulations
-Synarthrosis - -Immovable joint
-Amphiarthrosis - -Joint with limited movement
-Diarthrosis - -Freely movable joint
,-Types of functional joints - -Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (limited
movement), diarthrosis (freely movable)
-Anatomy - -The study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the
human body
-Physiology - -Deals with processes and functions of the body, or how body parts work
-Chemical level - -Lowest level of structural organization
-Cell - -Basic unit (structural and functional)
-Tissues - -Groups of similar cells that perform a special function
-Types of tissues - -Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
-Epithelial tissue - -Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body -
including lining of vessels and organs
-Connective tissue - -Supportive tissues that bind and support various structures
-Organs - -Tissues joined to perform specific function
-System - -Group of organs that have a common function
-Organism - -The 10 systems of the body when functioning together
-Skeletal system - -206 separate bones and their associated cartilages and joints
-Functions of the skeletal system - -1. Support and protect many soft tissues of the body 2.
Allow movement through interaction with muscles to form a system of levers 3. To produce
blood cells 4. To store calcium
-Circulatory system - -The cardiovascular organs (heart, blood, and blood vessels) and
lymphatic system (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen)
-Functions of the cardiovascular system - -1) to distribute O2 and nutrients to cells 2) to
carry cell waste and CO2 from cells 3) to transport H2O, electrolytes, hormones, and
enzymes 4) to protect against disease 5) to prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots 6)
to help regulate body temperature
-Digestive system - -Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas)
,-Functions of the digestive system - -1) to prepare food for absorption by the cells through
physical and chemical breakdown processes 2) to eliminate solid wastes from body
-Respiratory system - -Connects lungs to outside atmosphere (nose, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree)
-Functions of the respiratory system - -1) supply O2 to the blood and eventually cells 2)
eliminate CO2 from blood 3) assist in regulating acid-base balance of blood
-Urinary system - -Organs - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
-Functions of the urinary system - -1) regulate chemical composition of blood 2) eliminate
many waste products 3) regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume 4) maintain the
acid-base balance of the body
-Reproductive system - -Organs that produce, transport, and store the germ cells (male:
vas deferens, prostate gland, penis, testes) (female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
-Function of reproductive system - -Reproduce the organism
-Nervous system - -Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense
organs (such as eyes and ears)
-Function of the nervous system - -To regulate body activities with electrical impulses that
travel along various nerves
-Muscular system types - -Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
-Skeletal muscle - -Most of muscle mass in body. Striated. Voluntary. Acts in conjunction
with skeleton to allow for movement. 43% of weight is accounted for by skeletal muscle
-Smooth muscle - -Involuntary. Located in walls of hollow internal organs (blood vessels,
stomach, intestines)
-Cardiac muscle - -Involuntary but striated. Found only in the walls of the heart
-Functions of the muscular system - -1) allows movement, such as locomotion of the body
or movement of substances through the alimentary canal 2) to maintain posture 3) to
produce heat
-Endocrine system - -Includes ductless glands of the body
-Function of the endocrine system - -To regulate bodily activities through the various
hormones
, -Integumentary system - -Composed of skin and all structured derived from skin (hair,
nails, and sweat and oil glands)
-Skin - -The largest organ of the body; covers a surface area of approx 7620 cm2 and
constituting 8% of total body mass
-Functions of the integumentary system - -1) regulate body temperature 2) protect body
(within limits) against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and UV radiation
damage 3) eliminate waste products through perspiration 4) receive certain stimuli such as
temp, pressure, and pain 5) synthesize certain vitamins and biochemicals such as vitamin D
-Sesamoid bones - -Small, oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons (most
often near joints). Not counted as axial or appendicular except for 2 patellae
-Compact bone/cortex - -Outer shell of most bones. Composed of hard or dense bone
tissue
-Body/shaft (long bones) - -Contains a thicker later of compact bone than is found at ends
to reduce stress of weight placed on them
-Spongy/cancellous bone (long bones) - -Highly porous and usually contains red bone
marrow, which is responsible for production of red blood cells
-Medullary cavity (long bones) - -Hollow portion of body of long bones and usually
contains fatty yellow marrow
-Periosteum - -A dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at articulating surfaces
-Hyaline cartilage - -Covers articulating surfaces
-Types of structural joints - -Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
-Fibrous joint - -Syndesmoses, sutures, gomphoses
-Syndesmoses (fibrous joint) - -Slightly movable (carpal and tarsal joints)
-Sutures (fibrous joint) - -Immovable (bones in skull)
-Gomphoses (fibrous joint) - -Very limited movement (roots of teeth and alveolar sockets
or mandible and maxillae)
-Cartilaginous joints - -Symphyses and synchondroses
-Symphyses (cartilaginous joint) - -Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable)
-Synchondroses (cartilaginous joint) - -Synarthrodial (immovable)
Questions and Answers
How many bones are in the human body? - -206
-The humerus is a long bone. T or F - -True
-What is an example of short bones? - -carpals and tarsals
-What is a freely movable joint? - -synovial joint
-Osteology - -Study of bones
-Axial skeleton - -All the bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body (80 bones)
-Appendicular skeleton - -All bones of extremities, and shoulder and pelvic girdles (126
bones)
-Long bones - -Consist of body and two ends or extremities
-Short bones - -Roughly cuboidal and consists of cancellous tissue within a thin outer
covering of compact bone
-Flat bones - -Consists of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow
between them
-Irregular bones - -Bones with peculiar shapes
-Diploe - -Narrow space between inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium
-Ossification - -Process by which bones form within the body (begins at about 6th
embryonic week and continues until adulthood)
-Intramembranous - -Bone formation- when bone replaces membranes (occurs rapidly)
-Endochondral - -Bone formation- when bone replaces cartilage (slower)
-Arthrology - -The study of joints or articulations
-Synarthrosis - -Immovable joint
-Amphiarthrosis - -Joint with limited movement
-Diarthrosis - -Freely movable joint
,-Types of functional joints - -Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (limited
movement), diarthrosis (freely movable)
-Anatomy - -The study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the
human body
-Physiology - -Deals with processes and functions of the body, or how body parts work
-Chemical level - -Lowest level of structural organization
-Cell - -Basic unit (structural and functional)
-Tissues - -Groups of similar cells that perform a special function
-Types of tissues - -Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
-Epithelial tissue - -Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body -
including lining of vessels and organs
-Connective tissue - -Supportive tissues that bind and support various structures
-Organs - -Tissues joined to perform specific function
-System - -Group of organs that have a common function
-Organism - -The 10 systems of the body when functioning together
-Skeletal system - -206 separate bones and their associated cartilages and joints
-Functions of the skeletal system - -1. Support and protect many soft tissues of the body 2.
Allow movement through interaction with muscles to form a system of levers 3. To produce
blood cells 4. To store calcium
-Circulatory system - -The cardiovascular organs (heart, blood, and blood vessels) and
lymphatic system (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen)
-Functions of the cardiovascular system - -1) to distribute O2 and nutrients to cells 2) to
carry cell waste and CO2 from cells 3) to transport H2O, electrolytes, hormones, and
enzymes 4) to protect against disease 5) to prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots 6)
to help regulate body temperature
-Digestive system - -Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas)
,-Functions of the digestive system - -1) to prepare food for absorption by the cells through
physical and chemical breakdown processes 2) to eliminate solid wastes from body
-Respiratory system - -Connects lungs to outside atmosphere (nose, mouth, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree)
-Functions of the respiratory system - -1) supply O2 to the blood and eventually cells 2)
eliminate CO2 from blood 3) assist in regulating acid-base balance of blood
-Urinary system - -Organs - kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
-Functions of the urinary system - -1) regulate chemical composition of blood 2) eliminate
many waste products 3) regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume 4) maintain the
acid-base balance of the body
-Reproductive system - -Organs that produce, transport, and store the germ cells (male:
vas deferens, prostate gland, penis, testes) (female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
-Function of reproductive system - -Reproduce the organism
-Nervous system - -Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense
organs (such as eyes and ears)
-Function of the nervous system - -To regulate body activities with electrical impulses that
travel along various nerves
-Muscular system types - -Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
-Skeletal muscle - -Most of muscle mass in body. Striated. Voluntary. Acts in conjunction
with skeleton to allow for movement. 43% of weight is accounted for by skeletal muscle
-Smooth muscle - -Involuntary. Located in walls of hollow internal organs (blood vessels,
stomach, intestines)
-Cardiac muscle - -Involuntary but striated. Found only in the walls of the heart
-Functions of the muscular system - -1) allows movement, such as locomotion of the body
or movement of substances through the alimentary canal 2) to maintain posture 3) to
produce heat
-Endocrine system - -Includes ductless glands of the body
-Function of the endocrine system - -To regulate bodily activities through the various
hormones
, -Integumentary system - -Composed of skin and all structured derived from skin (hair,
nails, and sweat and oil glands)
-Skin - -The largest organ of the body; covers a surface area of approx 7620 cm2 and
constituting 8% of total body mass
-Functions of the integumentary system - -1) regulate body temperature 2) protect body
(within limits) against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and UV radiation
damage 3) eliminate waste products through perspiration 4) receive certain stimuli such as
temp, pressure, and pain 5) synthesize certain vitamins and biochemicals such as vitamin D
-Sesamoid bones - -Small, oval-shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons (most
often near joints). Not counted as axial or appendicular except for 2 patellae
-Compact bone/cortex - -Outer shell of most bones. Composed of hard or dense bone
tissue
-Body/shaft (long bones) - -Contains a thicker later of compact bone than is found at ends
to reduce stress of weight placed on them
-Spongy/cancellous bone (long bones) - -Highly porous and usually contains red bone
marrow, which is responsible for production of red blood cells
-Medullary cavity (long bones) - -Hollow portion of body of long bones and usually
contains fatty yellow marrow
-Periosteum - -A dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at articulating surfaces
-Hyaline cartilage - -Covers articulating surfaces
-Types of structural joints - -Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
-Fibrous joint - -Syndesmoses, sutures, gomphoses
-Syndesmoses (fibrous joint) - -Slightly movable (carpal and tarsal joints)
-Sutures (fibrous joint) - -Immovable (bones in skull)
-Gomphoses (fibrous joint) - -Very limited movement (roots of teeth and alveolar sockets
or mandible and maxillae)
-Cartilaginous joints - -Symphyses and synchondroses
-Symphyses (cartilaginous joint) - -Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable)
-Synchondroses (cartilaginous joint) - -Synarthrodial (immovable)
