BIOL 373 UNIT 1 – Intro || A+ Guaranteed.
What is physiology? correct answers short answer: the science of the function of living systems
long answer: the science of mechanical, physical, bio-electrical functions of organisms in good
health, their organs and the cells of which they are composed
Process vs Function correct answers the process is the "HOW" i.e. how does a system work - the
physiological mechanism. The function is the "WHY" i.e. why does this sytem exist and why
does this event occur ?
Example of function vs process correct answers process: how do we breathe? we contract our
muscles and expand our chest capacity. Function: why do we breathe? we require oxygen for our
tissues to survive etc.
Define homeostasis and explain in regards to levels of ECF correct answers Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment (ESPECIALLY extracellular fluid). It is
the oscillation around a set point. Every single cell is bathed in ECF, there is no cell in the body
that has air floating around it. Homeostasis is regualted and maintained by how much ECF there
is around a cell (with intracellular fluid inside)
Who is Claude Bernard? and Walter Cannon? correct answers The concept of a "constant interior
environment" was defined by Bernard but later Walter cannon termed it homeostasis. He
expanded on Bernard's definition. He coined the term 'fight or flight'
1. Physiology
2. Disease
3. Pathophysiology correct answers 1. the study of homeostatic mechanisms
2. failure to compensate for change
3. the study of failure to compensate
, Explain how we could go from an organism in homeostasis to an outcome of wellness vs disease
correct answers organism in homeostasis can either have an internal change or an external
change. either of these will result in an internal change in the organism resulting in a loss of
homeostasis . This results in an attempt to compensate for loss of HS. Either the compensation
fails, and leads to illness/disease or the compensation recovers and leads to wellness.
Local control VS Reflex control correct answers Local control:
-local change results in a local response. cells near site of change initiate the response.
- local control is autocrine and paracrine
Reflex control:
-Cells at a distant site control response. ex. Systemic blood pressure sensed, brain evaluates
change and initiates response (Afferent, sensory) and then reflec response occurs (efferent,
motor), could be secretion of gland
-reflex control is neural and endocrine
Explain response loop? correct answers stimulus > sensor > input signal > integrating center >
output signal > target > response
negative feedback and example correct answers stabilizes variable. Just means that the response
brings the variable in the opposite direction than it was before. Ex. When blood glucose is low,
glucagon brings it back to normal
Feed forward? and Example correct answers Control anticipates change. Ex. Anticipation of
digesting glucose. Seeing a donut, then tasting a donut can initiate a response to prep the GI for
glucose. Or about to take off for a race, your HR and respiration are already prepped on the
starting block in anticipation to start.
positive feedback and example? correct answers Positive feedback reinforces a stimulus. This
type is not homeostatic. ex. child birth or ripening of a fruit
What is physiology? correct answers short answer: the science of the function of living systems
long answer: the science of mechanical, physical, bio-electrical functions of organisms in good
health, their organs and the cells of which they are composed
Process vs Function correct answers the process is the "HOW" i.e. how does a system work - the
physiological mechanism. The function is the "WHY" i.e. why does this sytem exist and why
does this event occur ?
Example of function vs process correct answers process: how do we breathe? we contract our
muscles and expand our chest capacity. Function: why do we breathe? we require oxygen for our
tissues to survive etc.
Define homeostasis and explain in regards to levels of ECF correct answers Homeostasis is the
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment (ESPECIALLY extracellular fluid). It is
the oscillation around a set point. Every single cell is bathed in ECF, there is no cell in the body
that has air floating around it. Homeostasis is regualted and maintained by how much ECF there
is around a cell (with intracellular fluid inside)
Who is Claude Bernard? and Walter Cannon? correct answers The concept of a "constant interior
environment" was defined by Bernard but later Walter cannon termed it homeostasis. He
expanded on Bernard's definition. He coined the term 'fight or flight'
1. Physiology
2. Disease
3. Pathophysiology correct answers 1. the study of homeostatic mechanisms
2. failure to compensate for change
3. the study of failure to compensate
, Explain how we could go from an organism in homeostasis to an outcome of wellness vs disease
correct answers organism in homeostasis can either have an internal change or an external
change. either of these will result in an internal change in the organism resulting in a loss of
homeostasis . This results in an attempt to compensate for loss of HS. Either the compensation
fails, and leads to illness/disease or the compensation recovers and leads to wellness.
Local control VS Reflex control correct answers Local control:
-local change results in a local response. cells near site of change initiate the response.
- local control is autocrine and paracrine
Reflex control:
-Cells at a distant site control response. ex. Systemic blood pressure sensed, brain evaluates
change and initiates response (Afferent, sensory) and then reflec response occurs (efferent,
motor), could be secretion of gland
-reflex control is neural and endocrine
Explain response loop? correct answers stimulus > sensor > input signal > integrating center >
output signal > target > response
negative feedback and example correct answers stabilizes variable. Just means that the response
brings the variable in the opposite direction than it was before. Ex. When blood glucose is low,
glucagon brings it back to normal
Feed forward? and Example correct answers Control anticipates change. Ex. Anticipation of
digesting glucose. Seeing a donut, then tasting a donut can initiate a response to prep the GI for
glucose. Or about to take off for a race, your HR and respiration are already prepped on the
starting block in anticipation to start.
positive feedback and example? correct answers Positive feedback reinforces a stimulus. This
type is not homeostatic. ex. child birth or ripening of a fruit
