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RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MOD 4 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Urinary system regulates - ANSWER Fluid volume
Blood pressure
Metabolic waste and drug excretion
Vitamin D conversion
Acid-base balance
Hormone synthesis
Kidneys - ANSWER located on either side of the vertebrae in
retroperitoneal(towards the back) space
-regulate acid-base balance
-Makes renin which regulates blood pressure
-Makes erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell production in
response to failing levels of oxygen in the tissue
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Urethra - ANSWER 1.5 inches long in women
6-8 inches long in men
Shorter urethras in women, in combination with sitting for
urination, increase women's risk for UTI
micturition, urination, voiding - ANSWER voluntary activity-we
can control our urine
normal output is 1500mL
Nephrons - ANSWER filtering units of the kidney that remove
wastes from the blood and produce urine. Filtration system
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood flow through
glomerulus - ANSWER -Rate of blood flow through the
glomerulus
-Best indicator of renal function, where normal is 125 mL/min
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-Blood enters glomerulus through afferent arterial and leaves
through efferent arterials
Ammonia (nitrogenous waste products), ADH, Aldosterone -
ANSWER When body rids of amino acids, it sends off ammonia
Increased ammonia levels can lead to encephalopathy (brain
dysfunction) and confusion
Increased ammonia can also lead to hepatic encephalopathy
which is liver failure
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates fluid only
Aldosterone regulates blood pressure, increases it
BUN and creatinine - ANSWER Uric acid and urea are waste
products
Urea is formed in liver, travels through blood to kidneys, kidneys
filters it out of the blood, but if kidney cannot get rid of it then
it builds up in the blood...ThenBUN (blood urea nitrogen) test-
lab test that figures out what the kidneys are doing
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When BUN is too high then kidneys are not working properly
Another blood test is for creatinine
Tells us how well the kidneys are doing to clear creatinine
Order of flow through renal system - ANSWER -Start with
glomerulus then glomerulus capsule
Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole,
then goes into the proximal convoluted tubule then goes down
to the descending limb, loops around the loop of Henle, then
goes up to the ascending limb, then to the distal convoluted
tubule where we get to the collecting duct, and then it comes
out as filtered urine
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) Hormone - ANSWER Lowers
blood pressure and controls electrolyte homeostasis
Enuresis - ANSWER -Urinary incontinence=loss of urinary
control
-Involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age
RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MOD 4 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Urinary system regulates - ANSWER Fluid volume
Blood pressure
Metabolic waste and drug excretion
Vitamin D conversion
Acid-base balance
Hormone synthesis
Kidneys - ANSWER located on either side of the vertebrae in
retroperitoneal(towards the back) space
-regulate acid-base balance
-Makes renin which regulates blood pressure
-Makes erythropoietin to stimulate blood cell production in
response to failing levels of oxygen in the tissue
,2|Page
Urethra - ANSWER 1.5 inches long in women
6-8 inches long in men
Shorter urethras in women, in combination with sitting for
urination, increase women's risk for UTI
micturition, urination, voiding - ANSWER voluntary activity-we
can control our urine
normal output is 1500mL
Nephrons - ANSWER filtering units of the kidney that remove
wastes from the blood and produce urine. Filtration system
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood flow through
glomerulus - ANSWER -Rate of blood flow through the
glomerulus
-Best indicator of renal function, where normal is 125 mL/min
,3|Page
-Blood enters glomerulus through afferent arterial and leaves
through efferent arterials
Ammonia (nitrogenous waste products), ADH, Aldosterone -
ANSWER When body rids of amino acids, it sends off ammonia
Increased ammonia levels can lead to encephalopathy (brain
dysfunction) and confusion
Increased ammonia can also lead to hepatic encephalopathy
which is liver failure
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates fluid only
Aldosterone regulates blood pressure, increases it
BUN and creatinine - ANSWER Uric acid and urea are waste
products
Urea is formed in liver, travels through blood to kidneys, kidneys
filters it out of the blood, but if kidney cannot get rid of it then
it builds up in the blood...ThenBUN (blood urea nitrogen) test-
lab test that figures out what the kidneys are doing
, 4|Page
When BUN is too high then kidneys are not working properly
Another blood test is for creatinine
Tells us how well the kidneys are doing to clear creatinine
Order of flow through renal system - ANSWER -Start with
glomerulus then glomerulus capsule
Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole,
then goes into the proximal convoluted tubule then goes down
to the descending limb, loops around the loop of Henle, then
goes up to the ascending limb, then to the distal convoluted
tubule where we get to the collecting duct, and then it comes
out as filtered urine
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) Hormone - ANSWER Lowers
blood pressure and controls electrolyte homeostasis
Enuresis - ANSWER -Urinary incontinence=loss of urinary
control
-Involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age
