SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting 7e Phillips
Chapter 1-13 with Appendix C&D
Chapter 1
Business Decisions and Financial Accounting
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Accounting is a system of analyzing, recording, and summarizing the results of a
business‘s activities and then reporting them to decision makers.
2. An advantage of operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that it is
easy to establish. Another advantage is that income from a sole proprietorship is taxed only
once in the hands of the individual proprietor (income from a corporation is taxed in the
corporation and then again in the hands of the individual shareholder). A disadvantage of
operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that the individual proprietor
can be held responsible for the debts of the business.
3. Financial accounting focuses on preparing and using the financial statements that are made
available to owners and external users such as customers, creditors, and potential investors
who are interested in reading them. Managerial accounting focuses on other accounting
reports that are not released to the general public, but instead are prepared for internal
decision making and used by employees, supervisors, and managers who run the company.
4. Financial reports are used by both internal and external groups and individuals. The internal
groups are comprised of the various managers of the business. The external groups include
investors, creditors, governmental agencies, other interested parties, and the public at large.
5. The business itself, not the individual stockholders who own the business, is viewed as owning
the assets and owing the liabilities on its balance sheet. A business‘s balance sheet includes
the assets, liabilities, and stockholders‘ equity of only that business and not the personal
assets, liabilities, and equity of the stockholders. The financial statements of a company show
the results of the business activities of only that company.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-1
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,6. (a) Operating – These activities are directly related to earning profits. They include buying
supplies, making products, serving customers, cleaning the premises, advertising, renting a
building, repairing equipment, and obtaining insurance coverage.
(b) Investing – These activities involve buying and selling productive resources with long lives
(such as buildings, land, equipment, and tools), purchasing investments, and lending to others.
(c) Financing – Any borrowing from banks, repaying bank loans, receiving contributions
from stockholders, or paying dividends to stockholders are considered financing activities.
7. The heading of each of the four primary financial statements should include the
following:
(a) Name of the business
(b) Name of the statement
(c) Date of the statement, or the period of time that the statement covers
8. (a) The purpose of the balance sheet is to report the financial position (assets, liabilities
and stockholders‘ equity) of a business at a point in time.
(b) The purpose of the income statement is to present information about the
revenues, expenses, and net income of a business for a specified period of time.
(c) The statement of retained earnings reports the way that net income and the
distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the period.
(d) The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to summarize how a business‘s operating,
investing, and financing activities caused its cash balance to change over a particular
period of time.
9. The income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flows would be
dated ―For the Year Ended December 31, 2021,‖ because they report the inflows and
outflows of resources over a period of time. In contrast, the balance sheet would be dated
―At December 31, 2021,‖ because it represents the assets, liabilities and stockholders‘
equity at a specific date.
10. Net income is the excess of total revenues over total expenses. A net loss occurs if total
expenses exceed total revenues.
11. The accounting equation for the balance sheet is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders‘ Equity.
Assets are the economic resources controlled by the company. Liabilities are amounts owed
by the business. Stockholders‘ equity is the owners‘ claims to the business. It includes amounts
contributed to the business (by investors through purchasing the company‘s stock) and the
amounts earned and accumulated through profitable business operations.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-2
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,12. The equation for the income statement is Revenues – Expenses = Net Income. Revenues are
increases in a company‘s resources, arising primarily from its operating activities. Expenses
are decreases in a company‘s resources, arising primarily from its operating activities. Net
Income is equal to revenues minus expenses. (If expenses are greater than revenues, the
company has a Net Loss.)
13. The equation for the statement of retained earnings is: Beginning Retained Earnings + Net
Income - Dividends = Ending Retained Earnings. It begins with beginning-of-the-year retained
earnings which is the prior year‘s ending retained earnings reported on the prior year‘s
balance sheet. The current year's net income reported on the income statement is added and
the current year's dividends are subtracted from this amount. (If a net loss occurs, It would be
subtracted, along with the dividends, from the prior year‘s ending retained earnings
balance.)The ending retained earnings amount is reported on the end-of-year balance sheet.
14. The equation for the statement of cash flows is: Cash flows from operating activities +
Cash flows from investing activities + Cash flows from financing activities = Change in cash
for the period. Change in cash for the period + Beginning cash balance = Ending cash
balance. The net cash flows for the period represent the increase or decrease in cash that
occurred during the period. Cash flows from operating activities are cash flows directly
related to earning income (normal business activity). Cash flows from investing activities
include cash flows that are related to the acquisition or sale of the company‘s long-term
assets. Cash flows from financing activities are directly related to the financing of the
company.
15. Currently, dthe dFinancial dAccounting dStandards dBoard d(FASB) dis dgiven dthe dprimary
d responsibility dfor dsetting dthe ddetailed drules dthat dbecome dGenerally dAccepted
d Accounting dPrinciples d(GAAP) din dthe dUnited dStates. d(Internationally, dthe d International
dAccounting dStandards dBoard d(IASB) dhas dthe dresponsibility dfor dsetting d accounting
drules dknown das dInternational dFinancial dReporting dStandards d(IFRS).) d
16. The dmain dgoal dof daccounting drules dis dto densure dthat dcompanies dproduce duseful
d financial dinformation dfor dpresent dand dpotential dinvestors, dlenders, dand dother dcreditors
d in dmaking ddecisions din dtheir dcapacity das dcapital dproviders. d d Financial dinformation
d must dshow drelevance dand dfaithful drepresentation, das dwell das dbe dcomparable,
d verifiable, dtimely, dand dunderstandable. d
Fun
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, damentals dof dFinancial
dAccounting, d7/e 1-3
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting 7e Phillips
Chapter 1-13 with Appendix C&D
Chapter 1
Business Decisions and Financial Accounting
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Accounting is a system of analyzing, recording, and summarizing the results of a
business‘s activities and then reporting them to decision makers.
2. An advantage of operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that it is
easy to establish. Another advantage is that income from a sole proprietorship is taxed only
once in the hands of the individual proprietor (income from a corporation is taxed in the
corporation and then again in the hands of the individual shareholder). A disadvantage of
operating as a sole proprietorship, rather than a corporation, is that the individual proprietor
can be held responsible for the debts of the business.
3. Financial accounting focuses on preparing and using the financial statements that are made
available to owners and external users such as customers, creditors, and potential investors
who are interested in reading them. Managerial accounting focuses on other accounting
reports that are not released to the general public, but instead are prepared for internal
decision making and used by employees, supervisors, and managers who run the company.
4. Financial reports are used by both internal and external groups and individuals. The internal
groups are comprised of the various managers of the business. The external groups include
investors, creditors, governmental agencies, other interested parties, and the public at large.
5. The business itself, not the individual stockholders who own the business, is viewed as owning
the assets and owing the liabilities on its balance sheet. A business‘s balance sheet includes
the assets, liabilities, and stockholders‘ equity of only that business and not the personal
assets, liabilities, and equity of the stockholders. The financial statements of a company show
the results of the business activities of only that company.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-1
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,6. (a) Operating – These activities are directly related to earning profits. They include buying
supplies, making products, serving customers, cleaning the premises, advertising, renting a
building, repairing equipment, and obtaining insurance coverage.
(b) Investing – These activities involve buying and selling productive resources with long lives
(such as buildings, land, equipment, and tools), purchasing investments, and lending to others.
(c) Financing – Any borrowing from banks, repaying bank loans, receiving contributions
from stockholders, or paying dividends to stockholders are considered financing activities.
7. The heading of each of the four primary financial statements should include the
following:
(a) Name of the business
(b) Name of the statement
(c) Date of the statement, or the period of time that the statement covers
8. (a) The purpose of the balance sheet is to report the financial position (assets, liabilities
and stockholders‘ equity) of a business at a point in time.
(b) The purpose of the income statement is to present information about the
revenues, expenses, and net income of a business for a specified period of time.
(c) The statement of retained earnings reports the way that net income and the
distribution of dividends affected the financial position of the company during the period.
(d) The purpose of the statement of cash flows is to summarize how a business‘s operating,
investing, and financing activities caused its cash balance to change over a particular
period of time.
9. The income statement, statement of retained earnings, and statement of cash flows would be
dated ―For the Year Ended December 31, 2021,‖ because they report the inflows and
outflows of resources over a period of time. In contrast, the balance sheet would be dated
―At December 31, 2021,‖ because it represents the assets, liabilities and stockholders‘
equity at a specific date.
10. Net income is the excess of total revenues over total expenses. A net loss occurs if total
expenses exceed total revenues.
11. The accounting equation for the balance sheet is: Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders‘ Equity.
Assets are the economic resources controlled by the company. Liabilities are amounts owed
by the business. Stockholders‘ equity is the owners‘ claims to the business. It includes amounts
contributed to the business (by investors through purchasing the company‘s stock) and the
amounts earned and accumulated through profitable business operations.
Fundamentals of Financial 1-2
Accounting, 7/e
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,12. The equation for the income statement is Revenues – Expenses = Net Income. Revenues are
increases in a company‘s resources, arising primarily from its operating activities. Expenses
are decreases in a company‘s resources, arising primarily from its operating activities. Net
Income is equal to revenues minus expenses. (If expenses are greater than revenues, the
company has a Net Loss.)
13. The equation for the statement of retained earnings is: Beginning Retained Earnings + Net
Income - Dividends = Ending Retained Earnings. It begins with beginning-of-the-year retained
earnings which is the prior year‘s ending retained earnings reported on the prior year‘s
balance sheet. The current year's net income reported on the income statement is added and
the current year's dividends are subtracted from this amount. (If a net loss occurs, It would be
subtracted, along with the dividends, from the prior year‘s ending retained earnings
balance.)The ending retained earnings amount is reported on the end-of-year balance sheet.
14. The equation for the statement of cash flows is: Cash flows from operating activities +
Cash flows from investing activities + Cash flows from financing activities = Change in cash
for the period. Change in cash for the period + Beginning cash balance = Ending cash
balance. The net cash flows for the period represent the increase or decrease in cash that
occurred during the period. Cash flows from operating activities are cash flows directly
related to earning income (normal business activity). Cash flows from investing activities
include cash flows that are related to the acquisition or sale of the company‘s long-term
assets. Cash flows from financing activities are directly related to the financing of the
company.
15. Currently, dthe dFinancial dAccounting dStandards dBoard d(FASB) dis dgiven dthe dprimary
d responsibility dfor dsetting dthe ddetailed drules dthat dbecome dGenerally dAccepted
d Accounting dPrinciples d(GAAP) din dthe dUnited dStates. d(Internationally, dthe d International
dAccounting dStandards dBoard d(IASB) dhas dthe dresponsibility dfor dsetting d accounting
drules dknown das dInternational dFinancial dReporting dStandards d(IFRS).) d
16. The dmain dgoal dof daccounting drules dis dto densure dthat dcompanies dproduce duseful
d financial dinformation dfor dpresent dand dpotential dinvestors, dlenders, dand dother dcreditors
d in dmaking ddecisions din dtheir dcapacity das dcapital dproviders. d d Financial dinformation
d must dshow drelevance dand dfaithful drepresentation, das dwell das dbe dcomparable,
d verifiable, dtimely, dand dunderstandable. d
Fun
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, damentals dof dFinancial
dAccounting, d7/e 1-3
© 2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
