EEOB 3310 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What is Scientific Inquiry?
Deliberate and hypothesis-driven investigation into something that has already happened.
Even 'discovery-based' scientific inquiry uses what is known to predict the identification of
something new but related to that known phenomenon.
Scientific Method
1) Observation
2) Hypothesis
3) Experimental Design + Implementation
4) Data Analysis
5) Conclusion
Carefully designed experiments to test well-reasoned hypotheses can yield information-rich data
that, if analyzed with appropriate statistical methods, support or refute hypotheses that inform
subsequent conclusions that then can inform careful design of experiments to test well-reasoned
hypotheses...etc.
Evolution: Defined Over Time
...development of an individual, from the Latin word meaning 'unrolling', Albrecht von Haller
(18th cent.)
...preformation, Charles Bonnett (18th cent.)
...transformation of a species/population, Robert Grant, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin (19th
cent.)
...descent with modification (19th-20th cent.)
,Biological evolution explains the forces, and their impacts, that give rise to heritable
modifications over time within species.
Evolution As A Science
Can experiments be designed and performed that demonstrate the evolution of a species? YES!
Evidence:
-Surveys of moth collections over time
-Predation rates
-Genetic testing
-Experimental manipulations
-Policy examinations
-Experimental (Antibiotic resistant bacteria)
-Epidemiological (Antibiotic resistant bacteria)
-Genetic testing, behavioral, anthropological
Evolutionary biology derives evidence from many disciplines for supporting or refuting
hypotheses about biological phenomena.
Evolution As A 'Theory'
Is Evolution a Theory or Fact?
It is both. But that answer requires looking more deeply at the meanings of the words "theory"
and "fact".
A 'theory' colloquially refers to opinion or speculation, often a conclusion based on speculation
or inconclusive evidence.
A formal scientific theory is 'a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is
supported by a vast body of knowledge'.
Examples: Cell theory; heliocentric theory; theory of gravity; germ theory
, A formal scientific theory can be used to make predictions.
Examples: movement of the moon; disease transmission; transitional forms between fishes and
limbed terrestrial animals in sediments 375Myo.
A 'fact' in science refers to a 'scientific explanation that has been tested and confirmed multiple
times that there is no longer a compelling reason to keep testing it'.
Abundant data collected from across many fields about many species all supports the existence
of biological evolution...and WE will examine this evidence throughout this course.
What 'Evolves'?
Individuals can be acted on by 'evolutionary forces', like natural selection, but it is the population
of individuals, each with variable reproductive success, contribute to each generation of a
species...and how each generation changes, dramatically or subtly, reflects how the species
evolves.
Individuals that survived long enough to have offspring passed those traits on to the next
generation, and those individuals represented the species.
Living at high-altitudes for prologued periods can lead to diminished health and low birth rates
due to low oxygen availability (hypoxia).
Tibetian and Andean populations have exhibited mutations around genes that are linked to
survival at elevated altitudes that aren't common in populations residing at low altitudes.
The frequency of these mutations are much higher in Andean and Tibetian human populations
than in...
Individual peppered moths did not change but the frequency of different phenotypes changed
over time due to evasion success.
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What is Scientific Inquiry?
Deliberate and hypothesis-driven investigation into something that has already happened.
Even 'discovery-based' scientific inquiry uses what is known to predict the identification of
something new but related to that known phenomenon.
Scientific Method
1) Observation
2) Hypothesis
3) Experimental Design + Implementation
4) Data Analysis
5) Conclusion
Carefully designed experiments to test well-reasoned hypotheses can yield information-rich data
that, if analyzed with appropriate statistical methods, support or refute hypotheses that inform
subsequent conclusions that then can inform careful design of experiments to test well-reasoned
hypotheses...etc.
Evolution: Defined Over Time
...development of an individual, from the Latin word meaning 'unrolling', Albrecht von Haller
(18th cent.)
...preformation, Charles Bonnett (18th cent.)
...transformation of a species/population, Robert Grant, Charles Lyell, and Charles Darwin (19th
cent.)
...descent with modification (19th-20th cent.)
,Biological evolution explains the forces, and their impacts, that give rise to heritable
modifications over time within species.
Evolution As A Science
Can experiments be designed and performed that demonstrate the evolution of a species? YES!
Evidence:
-Surveys of moth collections over time
-Predation rates
-Genetic testing
-Experimental manipulations
-Policy examinations
-Experimental (Antibiotic resistant bacteria)
-Epidemiological (Antibiotic resistant bacteria)
-Genetic testing, behavioral, anthropological
Evolutionary biology derives evidence from many disciplines for supporting or refuting
hypotheses about biological phenomena.
Evolution As A 'Theory'
Is Evolution a Theory or Fact?
It is both. But that answer requires looking more deeply at the meanings of the words "theory"
and "fact".
A 'theory' colloquially refers to opinion or speculation, often a conclusion based on speculation
or inconclusive evidence.
A formal scientific theory is 'a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is
supported by a vast body of knowledge'.
Examples: Cell theory; heliocentric theory; theory of gravity; germ theory
, A formal scientific theory can be used to make predictions.
Examples: movement of the moon; disease transmission; transitional forms between fishes and
limbed terrestrial animals in sediments 375Myo.
A 'fact' in science refers to a 'scientific explanation that has been tested and confirmed multiple
times that there is no longer a compelling reason to keep testing it'.
Abundant data collected from across many fields about many species all supports the existence
of biological evolution...and WE will examine this evidence throughout this course.
What 'Evolves'?
Individuals can be acted on by 'evolutionary forces', like natural selection, but it is the population
of individuals, each with variable reproductive success, contribute to each generation of a
species...and how each generation changes, dramatically or subtly, reflects how the species
evolves.
Individuals that survived long enough to have offspring passed those traits on to the next
generation, and those individuals represented the species.
Living at high-altitudes for prologued periods can lead to diminished health and low birth rates
due to low oxygen availability (hypoxia).
Tibetian and Andean populations have exhibited mutations around genes that are linked to
survival at elevated altitudes that aren't common in populations residing at low altitudes.
The frequency of these mutations are much higher in Andean and Tibetian human populations
than in...
Individual peppered moths did not change but the frequency of different phenotypes changed
over time due to evasion success.
