NR 507- Advanced Pathophysiology
Test Bank - Chamberlain University
2025
1. What does GU stand for in the context of Acute Renal Failure?
Genitourinary
2. Is Acute Renal Failure reversible?
Yes
3. How can the prognosis of Acute Renal Failure be determined?
By observing if the kidneys respond to diuretic with good output,
indicating proper kidney function
4. How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed?
GU-Urine culture, urinalysis, signs and symptoms, blood cultures,
and urinary tract imaging
5. Why can diagnosing acute pyelonephritis by clinical symptoms alone
be difficult?
It can be similar to cystitis
6. What indicates pyelonephritis in urinalysis?
WBC casts
7. What is another term for renal calculi?
Renal stones
8. What are the goals of treating renal calculi?
Manage acute pain, promote stone passage, reduce stone size, prevent
new stone formation
9. What is chronic renal failure?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney
disease.
10. How is CKD stage determined?
CKD stage is determined by estimates of glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) and albuminuria.
,11. What are the 5 stages of CKD?
The 5 stages of CKD are used to classify the severity of chronic
kidney disease based on GFR levels.
12. What happens once Stage IV of CKD is reached?
Once Stage IV of CKD is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable, leading to the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
13. Warning signs of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Symptoms over the age of 50:
•Dysphagia (difficulty with swallowing food)
•Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
•Nausea and vomiting
•Weight loss
•Melena
•Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food).
14. What are the common symptoms associated with hiatal hernias?
A wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated
with other gastrointestinal disorders, primarily GERD.
15. How is a sliding hiatal hernia usually treated?
Treatment is usually conservative. The individual can diminish reflux
by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position
after eating. Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided, and
weight control is recommended for obese individuals.
16. Are hiatal hernias often symptomatic?
Hiatal hernias are often asymptomatic.
17. What is the characteristic manifestation of a duodenal ulcer?
Chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area
18. When does the pain from a duodenal ulcer typically begin after eating?
30 minutes to 2 hours after eating, when the stomach is empty
19. Is it common for pain from a duodenal ulcer to occur at night and
disappear by morning?
Yes, it is not unusual for pain to occur in the middle of the night and
disappear by morning
20. What is a peptic ulcer?
, A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower
esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
21. Where is a peptic ulcer least likely to occur?
In the large intestine.
22. What are the standard first-line treatment for Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD)?
SSRIs
23. What factors are considered in the initial selection of an
antidepressant for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Assessment of symptoms, age, side effects, safety, and cost
24. What are the key features of social anxiety disorder?
Fear and avoidance of social situations.
25. Can you provide an example of how social anxiety disorder manifests?
The anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a
conversation or interacting with others and very conscious of being
scrutinized and humiliated or rejected by others.
26. What are the three categories in which schizophrenic symptoms are
classified?
Positive, negative, and cognitive
27. List some examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorder, and bizarre
behavior
28. Provide examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Flattened affect, alogia, anhedonia, attention deficits, and apathy
29. What characterizes cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
Inability to perform daily tasks requiring attention and planning
30. What are some structural brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia?
Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles, widening of frontocortical
fissures and sulci
31. How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
Advanced neuroimaging techniques reveal structural brain
abnormalities
, 32. What is the most common disorder of thyroid function?
Hypothyroidism
33. What percentage of the U.S. population is affected by hypothyroidism?
Between 0.1% and 2%
34. Who is hypothyroidism more common in?
Women and the elderly
35. Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) released from?
Released by the anterior pituitary
36. What are the two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with
Graves' disease?
1) Functional abnormalities from sympathetic nervous system
hyperactivity (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of the upper
lid on downward gaze) 2) Infiltrative changes involving orbital
contents with ocular muscle enlargement
37. What are the distinguishing factors of Graves' disease?
Pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
38. What are the infiltrative changes in Ophthalmopathy associated with
Graves disease?
Enlargement of ocular muscles, increased hyaluronic acid secretion,
adipogenesis, inflammation, and edema of orbital contents
39. What clinical manifestations result from infiltrative changes in
Ophthalmopathy?
Exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle weakness,
strabismus, and diplopia
40. What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism?
Antithyroid drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive
iodine therapy, and surgery
41. How does radioactive iodine therapy work in treating
hyperthyroidism?
It is absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells
Test Bank - Chamberlain University
2025
1. What does GU stand for in the context of Acute Renal Failure?
Genitourinary
2. Is Acute Renal Failure reversible?
Yes
3. How can the prognosis of Acute Renal Failure be determined?
By observing if the kidneys respond to diuretic with good output,
indicating proper kidney function
4. How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed?
GU-Urine culture, urinalysis, signs and symptoms, blood cultures,
and urinary tract imaging
5. Why can diagnosing acute pyelonephritis by clinical symptoms alone
be difficult?
It can be similar to cystitis
6. What indicates pyelonephritis in urinalysis?
WBC casts
7. What is another term for renal calculi?
Renal stones
8. What are the goals of treating renal calculi?
Manage acute pain, promote stone passage, reduce stone size, prevent
new stone formation
9. What is chronic renal failure?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney
disease.
10. How is CKD stage determined?
CKD stage is determined by estimates of glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) and albuminuria.
,11. What are the 5 stages of CKD?
The 5 stages of CKD are used to classify the severity of chronic
kidney disease based on GFR levels.
12. What happens once Stage IV of CKD is reached?
Once Stage IV of CKD is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable, leading to the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
13. Warning signs of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Symptoms over the age of 50:
•Dysphagia (difficulty with swallowing food)
•Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
•Nausea and vomiting
•Weight loss
•Melena
•Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food).
14. What are the common symptoms associated with hiatal hernias?
A wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated
with other gastrointestinal disorders, primarily GERD.
15. How is a sliding hiatal hernia usually treated?
Treatment is usually conservative. The individual can diminish reflux
by eating small, frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position
after eating. Abdominal supports and tight clothing are avoided, and
weight control is recommended for obese individuals.
16. Are hiatal hernias often symptomatic?
Hiatal hernias are often asymptomatic.
17. What is the characteristic manifestation of a duodenal ulcer?
Chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area
18. When does the pain from a duodenal ulcer typically begin after eating?
30 minutes to 2 hours after eating, when the stomach is empty
19. Is it common for pain from a duodenal ulcer to occur at night and
disappear by morning?
Yes, it is not unusual for pain to occur in the middle of the night and
disappear by morning
20. What is a peptic ulcer?
, A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower
esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
21. Where is a peptic ulcer least likely to occur?
In the large intestine.
22. What are the standard first-line treatment for Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD)?
SSRIs
23. What factors are considered in the initial selection of an
antidepressant for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
Assessment of symptoms, age, side effects, safety, and cost
24. What are the key features of social anxiety disorder?
Fear and avoidance of social situations.
25. Can you provide an example of how social anxiety disorder manifests?
The anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a
conversation or interacting with others and very conscious of being
scrutinized and humiliated or rejected by others.
26. What are the three categories in which schizophrenic symptoms are
classified?
Positive, negative, and cognitive
27. List some examples of positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorder, and bizarre
behavior
28. Provide examples of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Flattened affect, alogia, anhedonia, attention deficits, and apathy
29. What characterizes cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
Inability to perform daily tasks requiring attention and planning
30. What are some structural brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia?
Enlargement of lateral and third ventricles, widening of frontocortical
fissures and sulci
31. How is schizophrenia diagnosed?
Advanced neuroimaging techniques reveal structural brain
abnormalities
, 32. What is the most common disorder of thyroid function?
Hypothyroidism
33. What percentage of the U.S. population is affected by hypothyroidism?
Between 0.1% and 2%
34. Who is hypothyroidism more common in?
Women and the elderly
35. Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) released from?
Released by the anterior pituitary
36. What are the two categories of ophthalmopathy associated with
Graves' disease?
1) Functional abnormalities from sympathetic nervous system
hyperactivity (lag of the globe on upward gaze or a lag of the upper
lid on downward gaze) 2) Infiltrative changes involving orbital
contents with ocular muscle enlargement
37. What are the distinguishing factors of Graves' disease?
Pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos
38. What are the infiltrative changes in Ophthalmopathy associated with
Graves disease?
Enlargement of ocular muscles, increased hyaluronic acid secretion,
adipogenesis, inflammation, and edema of orbital contents
39. What clinical manifestations result from infiltrative changes in
Ophthalmopathy?
Exophthalmos, periorbital edema, extraocular muscle weakness,
strabismus, and diplopia
40. What are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism?
Antithyroid drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive
iodine therapy, and surgery
41. How does radioactive iodine therapy work in treating
hyperthyroidism?
It is absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells
