WGU D322 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPDATED REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025

Administration - -An administrator is in charge of some portion of the IT infrastructure. Network administrator - -oversees all aspects of the computer network. The network administrator's duties include physically laying down cable, making connections, and working with the network hardware (for instance, routers and switches). Database administrator - -focus on the design, development, and support of database management systems (DBMSs). Tasks will include installation, maintenance, performance analysis, and troubleshooting as with the other administrative areas Security administrator - -install, configure, and administer appropriate firewall security to protect the organization's systems and to work proactively against such intrusions. Web administrator (webmaster) - -also known as a webmaster, but more precisely referred to as a web server administrator. This role is responsible for maintaining web storages, which differs from the development of web storage. Specifically, the web administrator must install, configure, maintain, secure, and troubleshoot the web server. Define Information Technology - -IT is a term used to describe several aspects: the task of gathering data and processing it into information, the ability to disseminate information using technology, the technology itself that permits these tasks, and the collection of people who are in charge of maintaining the IT infrastructure (the computers, the networks, and the operating systems). Generically, we will consider IT to be the technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible. In other words, IT combines people with computing resources, software, data, and computer networks Information technology - -describes the technology infrastructure that may support information systems, although Information Technology could also support many other types of systems (e.g., telecommunications systems). Information Technology includes hardware, software, networks, and databases that work together to allow an organization to manage data and information. A computer performs four operations - -IPOS Input Processing D322 WGU D322 WGU Output Storage Parts of the CPU - -ALU Control Unit Registers Memory - -SCRAM DRAM ROM I/O Subsystem - -Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Computer structure - -{CPU (ALU, Control Unit, Registers) System Bus Memory(SCRAM, DRAM, ROM)} I/O Bus {I/O Subsystem (Input Devices, Output decides, Storage Devices)} CPU (Central Processing Unit) - -is the device that not only executes your programs' instructions, but also commands the various components in the computer. Memory - -stores the program(s) being executed and the data that each program is using. short-term and long-term storage. I/O subsystem - -subsystem includes all peripheral devices (input, output, storage, network) where storage consists of the long-term storage devices (disk drives, tape). bus - -is the device that permits information to move between each component. The system unit - -is a core feature of notebooks, tablets, smartphones, and other types of computers; therefore, it comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The system unit contains various components that enable the PC system to run programs and complete other important functions. Various different types of computers are likely to have many of the same components. These include the case, which is a protective covering, internal bays and slots that grip the internal components, buses, which are the circuitry and electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components, bays (external openings) and ports that connect peripherals, and lights and indicators that show the computer is turned on. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - -which is typically called main memory Static RAM (SRAM) - -which is cache memory and registers D322 WGU D322 WGU Read only memory (ROM) - -which retains its contents indefinitely BIOS - -Basic Input Output System Hard drive - -store data even when the computer is turned off Peripheral devices - -components that are located outside the system unit yet are connected physically or wirelessly to it. Hardware - -The physical components of the computer Software - -The programs and other operating information used by the computer Network - -A collection of computers and resources connected by various media so they can communicate with each other Users - -The people who use the computer system Generations of Machines - -1st generation - vacuum tubes 2nd generation - transistors 3rd generation - integrated circuits 4th generation - microprocessors Machine language - -The lowest-level programming languages understood by computers, representing instructions in binary (0s and 1s) Assembly language - -specified instructions using words High level language - -is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Compiler - -requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin to run all at once. Examples are C, C++, C#. Interpreted language - -runs inside of a special environment called the interpreter, the interpreter converts that command to machine language and executes it line by line. Examples are Perl and Python. C++ - -Uses a vocabulary and a set of rules for instructing a computer to perform certain tasks. Python - -An easy-to-use programming language that does not require a compiler for debugging. D322 WGU D322 WGU JavaScript - -A programming language designed to enable user engagement with dynamic elements on web pages. TCL - -Often used in rapid prototyping and the creation of GUIs, Tcl is a simple and compact language but is also very powerful. PHP - -An all-purpose language that is especially suitable for web development. Computer network - -collection of computers and computer resources (e.g., printers, file servers) connected in such a way that the computers can communicate with each other and their resources Bandwidth - -transfer rate permissible over the media, described as some number of bits per second (bps). Network hub - -device that connects multiple computers together Network switch - -more functional connection than a hub, its purpose is to only send transmissions to a specific, intended computer. Router - -device that connects multiple networks together Wireless access point - -connected to a hub, a switch, or a router. This device then sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable Radio waves - -provide access to networks over long distances IP address - -a series of numbers that indicates a specific internet location Server - -computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information Network Types - -Bus Network Mesh Network Ring Network Star Network Bus Network - -devices are connected along a single cable Mesh Network - -Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network. Ring Network - -Each device is connected directly to its neighbors, and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached. Star Network - -have a single machine serving as a central point to which all others are connected. D322 WGU D322 WGU Confidentiality - -requires that data be kept secure so that they are not accidentally provided to unauthorized individuals and cannot be obtained by unauthorized users. Integrity - -requires that data are correct Availability - -requires that information is available when needed Strategic risk analysis - -security policies are translated into mechanisms which support information security. We will focus on the risk management process Social engineering - -threat that targets users. Phishing - -is the process of targeting a specific individual, usually via email, under the guise of a reputable or trustworthy entity to reveal private or personal details such as usernames or password Hacking - -is when an individual obtains unauthorized access to a host Malware - -"malicious" software Spyware - -is often downloaded unknown to the user when accessing web storages. Denial of service (DOS) attack - -In the DOS attack, one or more attackers attempts to flood a server with so many incoming messages that the server is unable to handle legitimate business Firewalls - -prevent certain types of messages from coming into or out of the network and anti-viral software seeks out malware Antivirus software - -attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or, more generally, some form of malware. Information security - -attempts to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information when it is stored, processed, and transmitted (across a network) Encryption - -is the idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or is sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information. Encryption uses a mathematical algorithm for converting the plain-text information to the encrypted form Symmetric key encryption - -uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption. Public-key encryption - -uses two keys, a public and private key.