NUR 410 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULLY SOLVED LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Cervical - Answers ACS recommends cervical cancer
screening with an HPV test alone every 5 years for everyone with a cervix from age 25 until age
65. If HPV testing alone is not available, people can get screened with an HPV/Pap cotest every
5 years or a Pap test every 3 years.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Breast - Answers Women ages 40 to 44 should have the
choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they
wish to do so.
Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly
screening.
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more
years or longer.
All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to
breast cancer screening.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Colon - Answers Regular screening at age 45. This can
be done either with a sensitive test that looks for signs of cancer in a person's stool (a stool-
based test), or with an exam that looks at the colon and rectum (a visual exam).
If you're in good health, you should continue regular screening through age 75.
For people ages 76 through 85, talk with your health care provider about whether continuing to
get screened is right for you. When deciding, take into account your own preferences, overall
health, and past screening history.
People over 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Endometrial - Answers at the time of menopause, all
women should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women should
report any unexpected vaginal bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
Some women - because of their history - may need to consider having a yearly endometrial
biopsy. Please talk with a health care provider about your history
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Lung - Answers Are aged 55 to 74 years and in fairly
good health and
,Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years and
Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per
year. One pack per day for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-
years.)
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Prostate - Answers Starting at age 50, men should talk to
a health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the
right choice for them.
If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65,
you should have this talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.
If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal exam. How
often you're tested will depend on your PSA level.
Breast cancer early detection - Answers Long term surveillance focuses on early detection
Women at high risk benefit from MRI and yearly mammogram
Clinical breast exams twice a year starting at age 25
Chemoprevention: Women at high risk Tamoxifen and raloxifene
Prophylactic mastectomy
breast cancer diagnosis - Answers Early detection via self-examination and mammography
X-ray examination
American Cancer Society recommends screening every year for women 40 and over
U.S. Prevention Services Task Force on Breast Cancer Screening recommends 50 and over
Breast self-examination (BSE; "breast self-awareness") 5 to 7 days after menses
Mammography Annually after the age of 40 years Digital and 3D Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue analysis Percutaneous biopsy Fine-needle aspiration Core needle biopsy Stereotactic
core biopsy Ultrasound-guided core biopsy MRI core biopsy
Staging: TMN (tumor, nodes, metastasis)
,Chest x-ray, CT, MRI, PET, bone scan and blood work
Prognosis Tumor size Spread to the lymph nodes? Certain genes (ERBB2)
breast cancer treatment - Answers radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy,
immunotherapy, lumpectomy, mastectomy, or combo; 50% of women with breast cancer
experience sexual problems resulting from physical effects of therapy, lumpectomy, radical
mastectomy, chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen ,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified radical mastectomy
Total mastectomy
Breast conservation treatment
Sentinel node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection
Nonsurgical: Radiation therapy—external beam, brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy Estrogen and progesterone receptor assay Selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs)— tamoxifen Aromatase inhibitors—anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane
Targeted therapy
Reconstructive Procedures After Mastectomy - Answers Tissue expander followed by
permanent implant
Tissue transfer procedures Transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
Nipple-areola reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive breast surgery: mammoplasty Reduction, augmentation Mastopexy
Lung cancer diagnosis - Answers Bronchcoscopy washings
Pleural fluid samples
Examination of tissue from biopsy
, CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal widening
Infiltrates
Pleural effusions
Cavitation
lung cancer treatment - Answers surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Colon Cancer Diagnosis - Answers DRE, fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy,
barium enema
Colon Cancer Diagnostic Test - Answers • C.T & MRI scans - provide information about lymph
node involvement and spread beyond the colorectal region
• Annual Digital examination should be done in all people over 40
• About 2/3 of tumors can be detected by sigmoidoscopy with biopsy
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers If there's extracolonic involvement (Lymph Nodes or Mets)
the treatment is FOLFOX (5-Fu + Leucovorin + Oxaliplatin) or FOLFIRI.
Recently added to improve remission is Bevacizumab, a VEGF Inhibitor.
If there's no extracolonic involvement a simple resection is curative.
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers easy to treat; laparotomy (cut in the abdomen), colostomy,
chemotherapy (NO radiation due to sensitivity of region); exercise reduces risk of re-emergence
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers Surgical removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening at age 50
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Cervical - Answers ACS recommends cervical cancer
screening with an HPV test alone every 5 years for everyone with a cervix from age 25 until age
65. If HPV testing alone is not available, people can get screened with an HPV/Pap cotest every
5 years or a Pap test every 3 years.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Breast - Answers Women ages 40 to 44 should have the
choice to start annual breast cancer screening with mammograms (x-rays of the breast) if they
wish to do so.
Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2 years, or can continue yearly
screening.
Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live 10 more
years or longer.
All women should be familiar with the known benefits, limitations, and potential harms linked to
breast cancer screening.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Colon - Answers Regular screening at age 45. This can
be done either with a sensitive test that looks for signs of cancer in a person's stool (a stool-
based test), or with an exam that looks at the colon and rectum (a visual exam).
If you're in good health, you should continue regular screening through age 75.
For people ages 76 through 85, talk with your health care provider about whether continuing to
get screened is right for you. When deciding, take into account your own preferences, overall
health, and past screening history.
People over 85 should no longer get colorectal cancer screening.
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Endometrial - Answers at the time of menopause, all
women should be told about the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer. Women should
report any unexpected vaginal bleeding or spotting to their doctors.
Some women - because of their history - may need to consider having a yearly endometrial
biopsy. Please talk with a health care provider about your history
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Lung - Answers Are aged 55 to 74 years and in fairly
good health and
,Currently smoke or have quit smoking in the past 15 years and
Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history. (A pack-year is 1 pack of cigarettes per day per
year. One pack per day for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15 years would both be 30 pack-
years.)
ACS Guidelines for Cancer Screenings: Prostate - Answers Starting at age 50, men should talk to
a health care provider about the pros and cons of testing so they can decide if testing is the
right choice for them.
If you are African American or have a father or brother who had prostate cancer before age 65,
you should have this talk with a health care provider starting at age 45.
If you decide to be tested, you should get a PSA blood test with or without a rectal exam. How
often you're tested will depend on your PSA level.
Breast cancer early detection - Answers Long term surveillance focuses on early detection
Women at high risk benefit from MRI and yearly mammogram
Clinical breast exams twice a year starting at age 25
Chemoprevention: Women at high risk Tamoxifen and raloxifene
Prophylactic mastectomy
breast cancer diagnosis - Answers Early detection via self-examination and mammography
X-ray examination
American Cancer Society recommends screening every year for women 40 and over
U.S. Prevention Services Task Force on Breast Cancer Screening recommends 50 and over
Breast self-examination (BSE; "breast self-awareness") 5 to 7 days after menses
Mammography Annually after the age of 40 years Digital and 3D Contrast
Ultrasonography
MRI
Tissue analysis Percutaneous biopsy Fine-needle aspiration Core needle biopsy Stereotactic
core biopsy Ultrasound-guided core biopsy MRI core biopsy
Staging: TMN (tumor, nodes, metastasis)
,Chest x-ray, CT, MRI, PET, bone scan and blood work
Prognosis Tumor size Spread to the lymph nodes? Certain genes (ERBB2)
breast cancer treatment - Answers radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy,
immunotherapy, lumpectomy, mastectomy, or combo; 50% of women with breast cancer
experience sexual problems resulting from physical effects of therapy, lumpectomy, radical
mastectomy, chemotherapy.
Tamoxifen ,progestin,androgen
Surgery:Modified radical mastectomy
Total mastectomy
Breast conservation treatment
Sentinel node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection
Nonsurgical: Radiation therapy—external beam, brachytherapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy Estrogen and progesterone receptor assay Selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs)— tamoxifen Aromatase inhibitors—anastrazole, letrozole, exemestane
Targeted therapy
Reconstructive Procedures After Mastectomy - Answers Tissue expander followed by
permanent implant
Tissue transfer procedures Transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous (TRAM) flap
Nipple-areola reconstruction
Prosthetics
Reconstructive breast surgery: mammoplasty Reduction, augmentation Mastopexy
Lung cancer diagnosis - Answers Bronchcoscopy washings
Pleural fluid samples
Examination of tissue from biopsy
, CXR
Mass
Atelectasis
Mediastinal widening
Infiltrates
Pleural effusions
Cavitation
lung cancer treatment - Answers surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
Colon Cancer Diagnosis - Answers DRE, fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy,
barium enema
Colon Cancer Diagnostic Test - Answers • C.T & MRI scans - provide information about lymph
node involvement and spread beyond the colorectal region
• Annual Digital examination should be done in all people over 40
• About 2/3 of tumors can be detected by sigmoidoscopy with biopsy
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers If there's extracolonic involvement (Lymph Nodes or Mets)
the treatment is FOLFOX (5-Fu + Leucovorin + Oxaliplatin) or FOLFIRI.
Recently added to improve remission is Bevacizumab, a VEGF Inhibitor.
If there's no extracolonic involvement a simple resection is curative.
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers easy to treat; laparotomy (cut in the abdomen), colostomy,
chemotherapy (NO radiation due to sensitivity of region); exercise reduces risk of re-emergence
Colon Cancer Treatment - Answers Surgical removal
Colostomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Prevention-screening at age 50
