N310 Exam 4 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
Therapeutic effect - Answers The desired or intended effect or physiological response of a
particular medication.
Adverse effect - Answers unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severe responses to
medication.
Side effect - Answers Predictable, unavoidable secondary effect.
toxic effect - Answers a seriously adverse drug reaction; toxicity refers to an adverse drug
reaction caused by excessive dosing and accumulation of Medication in the bloodstream.
idiosyncratic reaction - Answers Unpredictable reactions such as overreaction, under reaction,
or different reaction from normal that is particular to the specific patient.
allergic reaction - Answers unpredictable response to a medication.
Medication interactions - Answers One medication modifies the action of another medication.
sublingual administration - Answers drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
Buccal administration - Answers placing a drug between the cheek and the lower teeth.
parenteral route - Answers dispensation of medications via a needle into the skin layers. The
four major injection sites: Intradermal, subcutaneous, Intra-muscular, intravenous.
intradermal injection - Answers injection placed just below the epidermis
subcutaneous injection - Answers injection into the subcutaneous tissue that lies between the
epidermis and the muscle
intramuscular injection - Answers an injection into deep muscle tissue, usually of the buttock,
thigh, or upper arm.
epidural injection - Answers subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of an analgesic into the
epidural space.
intrathecal injection - Answers Placement of substances (medications) into the subarachnoid
space.
intraosseous injection - Answers An injection into the bone; a medication delivery route.
intraperitoneal injection - Answers injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity - the space
that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
topical administration - Answers administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous
membrane.
,Intraarterial injection - Answers injection into an artery (rare).
Inhalation route of administration - Answers the administration of a drug by inhalation into the
lungs; also called intrarespiratory route of administration.
intraocular route - Answers Involves inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into the
patient's eye.
PRN order - Answers Given when the patient requires it.
STAT order - Answers Given immediately in an emergency.
prescription order - Answers Medication to be taken outside of the hospital.
now order - Answers When the medication is needed right away, but not STAT
Single (one time) order - Answers given one time only for a specific reason
Standing or routine order - Answers Administered until the dosage is changed or another
medication is prescribed.
Pharmacist Role In medication administration - Answers Prepares and distributes the
medication.
Nurse's role in medication administration - Answers Determining medications ordered are
correct, assessing patients ability to self administer, determine whether patient should receive
medication at a given time, administering medications correctly, closely monitoring effects,
medication administration cannot be delegated, includes patient teaching.
Distribution systems in medication administration - Answers Unit dose systems.
automatic medication dispensing system (AMDS) - Answers
Medication errors - Answers Patient safety is top priority when administering medications.
Nurses have a major role when an error occurs. All medication errors must be reported.
Documentation of error is required. The nurse is responsible for preparing a written occurrence
or incident report: an accurate, factual description of what occurred and what was done. Nurses
play in a central role in medication reconciliation.
Critical thinking for Medication administration - Answers Knowledge, experience (psychomotor
skills) attitudes (be discipline; take your time. Be responsible and accountable.) standards
(Ensure safe nursing practice). Six rights of medication administration (right medication, right
dose, right patient, right route, right time, right documentation).
Six Rights of Medication Administration - Answers Right patient
Right medication
,Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
The patient has the right to: - Answers To be informed about a medication
To refuse a medication
To have a medication history
To be properly advised about experimental nature of medication
To receive labeled medications safely
To receive appropriate supportive therapy
To not receive unnecessary medications
To be informed if medications are part of a research study.
Nursing Process: Assessment - Answers Through the patient's eyes. History: allergies,
medications, diet history, patient's perceptual coordination problems. Patient's current condition.
Patients attitude about medication use. Factors affecting adherence to medication therapy.
Patients learning needs.
Nursing Diagnosis - Answers Anxiety, ineffective health maintenance, deficient knowledge
(medication self administration) impaired swallowing, impaired memory, caregiver role strain
(car giving activities).
Planning - Answers Always organize care activities to ensure the safe administration of
medications. Goals and outcomes: setting goals and related outcomes contributes to patient
safety and allows for a wise use of time during medication administration. Setting priorities:
provide the most important information about the medications first. Teamwork and
collaboration.
Implementation - Answers Health promotion: patient and family teaching. Acute care: receiving,
transcribing, and communicating medication orders. Accurate dose calculation and
measurements. Correct administration. Recording medication administration. Restorative care.
Special considerations: infants and children, older adults, polypharmacy.
Evaluation - Answers Through the patient's eyes: partner with your patience. Patient outcomes:
use knowledge of the desired effect and common side effects of each medication to compare
expected outcomes with actual findings.
, irrigation administration - Answers Method of medicine administration that washes out a body
cavity & is delivered by stream of solution.
oral administration (PO) - Answers Patients usually are able to self administer oral medications.
Easiest and most desirable route. Food sometimes affects absorption. Give oral medications on
an empty stomach of absorption is decreased, or give oral medications with meals if absorption
is enhanced by food. Most tablets and capsules need to be smaller and ministered with
approximately 60 to 240 mL of fluid as allowed. Aspiration precautions. Protect a patient from
aspiration by assessing his or her ability to swallow. Enteral small bore feedings: verify that the
tube location is compatible with medication absorption. Use liquids when possible. If
medication is to be given an empty stomach, I'll always 30 minutes before or after feeding.
Some of these medications may need up to 120 minutes to absorb. Risk of drug to drug
interactions is higher. Monitor the patient closely for adverse reactions. The risk for drug to drug
interactions high when two or more medications are given in this route because they can
interact together as soon as they are administered.
Topical medication applications - Answers Topical medications are medications that are
applied locally, usually to skin, but also to mucous membranes. Apply each type of medication
according to directions to ensure proper penetration absorption.
Skin applications: use gloves an applicator; clean skin first. Use sterile technique if the patient
has an open wound. Follow directions for each type of medication.
Transdermal patches: remove old patch before applying new. Document the location of the new
patch. Ask about patches during the medication history. Apply a label to the patch if it is difficult
to see. Document removal of the patch is well.
Nasal Instillation - Answers Patients with nasal sinus alterations sometimes receive
medications by spray, drops, or tampons. The most commonly administered form of nasal
insulation is the congestion sprayer drops, used to relieve symptoms of sinus congestion and
colds. Caution patient to avoid abuse of medications because overuse leads to a rebound effect
in which the nasal congestion worsens. When excess of decongestion solution is swallowed,
serious stomach affects also developed, especially in children. Saline drops are safe for the
nasal preparations that contain sympathomimetics as a decongestant for children. It is easier
to have patience of a minister sprays because they are able to control the spray and inhaler as a
medication enters the nasal passages. For patient to use nasal spray's repeatedly, check for
irritation in nares. When used to treat a sinus infection, position patients to permit the nasal
medication to reach the affected sinus. The position for instilling nose drops into ethmoid or
sphenoid sinus is hang head of edge of table and look as far down as possible. The second
figure shows the position for instilling nose drops into frontal and maxillary sinus Hang had an
Therapeutic effect - Answers The desired or intended effect or physiological response of a
particular medication.
Adverse effect - Answers unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable severe responses to
medication.
Side effect - Answers Predictable, unavoidable secondary effect.
toxic effect - Answers a seriously adverse drug reaction; toxicity refers to an adverse drug
reaction caused by excessive dosing and accumulation of Medication in the bloodstream.
idiosyncratic reaction - Answers Unpredictable reactions such as overreaction, under reaction,
or different reaction from normal that is particular to the specific patient.
allergic reaction - Answers unpredictable response to a medication.
Medication interactions - Answers One medication modifies the action of another medication.
sublingual administration - Answers drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
Buccal administration - Answers placing a drug between the cheek and the lower teeth.
parenteral route - Answers dispensation of medications via a needle into the skin layers. The
four major injection sites: Intradermal, subcutaneous, Intra-muscular, intravenous.
intradermal injection - Answers injection placed just below the epidermis
subcutaneous injection - Answers injection into the subcutaneous tissue that lies between the
epidermis and the muscle
intramuscular injection - Answers an injection into deep muscle tissue, usually of the buttock,
thigh, or upper arm.
epidural injection - Answers subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of an analgesic into the
epidural space.
intrathecal injection - Answers Placement of substances (medications) into the subarachnoid
space.
intraosseous injection - Answers An injection into the bone; a medication delivery route.
intraperitoneal injection - Answers injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity - the space
that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
topical administration - Answers administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous
membrane.
,Intraarterial injection - Answers injection into an artery (rare).
Inhalation route of administration - Answers the administration of a drug by inhalation into the
lungs; also called intrarespiratory route of administration.
intraocular route - Answers Involves inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into the
patient's eye.
PRN order - Answers Given when the patient requires it.
STAT order - Answers Given immediately in an emergency.
prescription order - Answers Medication to be taken outside of the hospital.
now order - Answers When the medication is needed right away, but not STAT
Single (one time) order - Answers given one time only for a specific reason
Standing or routine order - Answers Administered until the dosage is changed or another
medication is prescribed.
Pharmacist Role In medication administration - Answers Prepares and distributes the
medication.
Nurse's role in medication administration - Answers Determining medications ordered are
correct, assessing patients ability to self administer, determine whether patient should receive
medication at a given time, administering medications correctly, closely monitoring effects,
medication administration cannot be delegated, includes patient teaching.
Distribution systems in medication administration - Answers Unit dose systems.
automatic medication dispensing system (AMDS) - Answers
Medication errors - Answers Patient safety is top priority when administering medications.
Nurses have a major role when an error occurs. All medication errors must be reported.
Documentation of error is required. The nurse is responsible for preparing a written occurrence
or incident report: an accurate, factual description of what occurred and what was done. Nurses
play in a central role in medication reconciliation.
Critical thinking for Medication administration - Answers Knowledge, experience (psychomotor
skills) attitudes (be discipline; take your time. Be responsible and accountable.) standards
(Ensure safe nursing practice). Six rights of medication administration (right medication, right
dose, right patient, right route, right time, right documentation).
Six Rights of Medication Administration - Answers Right patient
Right medication
,Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
The patient has the right to: - Answers To be informed about a medication
To refuse a medication
To have a medication history
To be properly advised about experimental nature of medication
To receive labeled medications safely
To receive appropriate supportive therapy
To not receive unnecessary medications
To be informed if medications are part of a research study.
Nursing Process: Assessment - Answers Through the patient's eyes. History: allergies,
medications, diet history, patient's perceptual coordination problems. Patient's current condition.
Patients attitude about medication use. Factors affecting adherence to medication therapy.
Patients learning needs.
Nursing Diagnosis - Answers Anxiety, ineffective health maintenance, deficient knowledge
(medication self administration) impaired swallowing, impaired memory, caregiver role strain
(car giving activities).
Planning - Answers Always organize care activities to ensure the safe administration of
medications. Goals and outcomes: setting goals and related outcomes contributes to patient
safety and allows for a wise use of time during medication administration. Setting priorities:
provide the most important information about the medications first. Teamwork and
collaboration.
Implementation - Answers Health promotion: patient and family teaching. Acute care: receiving,
transcribing, and communicating medication orders. Accurate dose calculation and
measurements. Correct administration. Recording medication administration. Restorative care.
Special considerations: infants and children, older adults, polypharmacy.
Evaluation - Answers Through the patient's eyes: partner with your patience. Patient outcomes:
use knowledge of the desired effect and common side effects of each medication to compare
expected outcomes with actual findings.
, irrigation administration - Answers Method of medicine administration that washes out a body
cavity & is delivered by stream of solution.
oral administration (PO) - Answers Patients usually are able to self administer oral medications.
Easiest and most desirable route. Food sometimes affects absorption. Give oral medications on
an empty stomach of absorption is decreased, or give oral medications with meals if absorption
is enhanced by food. Most tablets and capsules need to be smaller and ministered with
approximately 60 to 240 mL of fluid as allowed. Aspiration precautions. Protect a patient from
aspiration by assessing his or her ability to swallow. Enteral small bore feedings: verify that the
tube location is compatible with medication absorption. Use liquids when possible. If
medication is to be given an empty stomach, I'll always 30 minutes before or after feeding.
Some of these medications may need up to 120 minutes to absorb. Risk of drug to drug
interactions is higher. Monitor the patient closely for adverse reactions. The risk for drug to drug
interactions high when two or more medications are given in this route because they can
interact together as soon as they are administered.
Topical medication applications - Answers Topical medications are medications that are
applied locally, usually to skin, but also to mucous membranes. Apply each type of medication
according to directions to ensure proper penetration absorption.
Skin applications: use gloves an applicator; clean skin first. Use sterile technique if the patient
has an open wound. Follow directions for each type of medication.
Transdermal patches: remove old patch before applying new. Document the location of the new
patch. Ask about patches during the medication history. Apply a label to the patch if it is difficult
to see. Document removal of the patch is well.
Nasal Instillation - Answers Patients with nasal sinus alterations sometimes receive
medications by spray, drops, or tampons. The most commonly administered form of nasal
insulation is the congestion sprayer drops, used to relieve symptoms of sinus congestion and
colds. Caution patient to avoid abuse of medications because overuse leads to a rebound effect
in which the nasal congestion worsens. When excess of decongestion solution is swallowed,
serious stomach affects also developed, especially in children. Saline drops are safe for the
nasal preparations that contain sympathomimetics as a decongestant for children. It is easier
to have patience of a minister sprays because they are able to control the spray and inhaler as a
medication enters the nasal passages. For patient to use nasal spray's repeatedly, check for
irritation in nares. When used to treat a sinus infection, position patients to permit the nasal
medication to reach the affected sinus. The position for instilling nose drops into ethmoid or
sphenoid sinus is hang head of edge of table and look as far down as possible. The second
figure shows the position for instilling nose drops into frontal and maxillary sinus Hang had an
