Midterm Exam: NUR631 / NUR 631
(Latest Update) Advanced
Physiology and Pathophysiology Study
Guide | Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct – GCU
Questions
Cellular Biology and Alterations
1. What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
o A) Cardiac hypertrophy
o B) Liver regeneration
o C) Muscle atrophy
o D) Bone remodeling
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Compensatory hyperplasia involves increased cell numbers to replace
lost tissue, as seen in liver regeneration after partial resection. Cardiac
hypertrophy (A) involves cell size increase, muscle atrophy (C) is cell loss, and
bone remodeling (D) is a distinct process.
2. What causes the rapid change in resting membrane potential to initiate an action
potential?
o A) Potassium gates open
o B) Sodium gates open
o C) Calcium influx
o D) Chloride efflux
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Sodium gates open, allowing sodium influx, which depolarizes the
membrane to initiate an action potential.
3. What type of necrosis is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
o A) Coagulative
o B) Liquefactive
o C) Caseous
o D) Fat
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Caseous necrosis, with a cheesy appearance, is characteristic of
pulmonary tuberculosis due to granuloma formation.
4. Low plasma albumin causes edema due to a reduction in which pressure?
, A) Hydrostatic
o
B) Oncotic
o
C) Osmotic
o
D) Capillary
o
Answer: B
o
Rationale: Low plasma albumin reduces oncotic pressure, decreasing water
o
reabsorption into capillaries, leading to edema.
5. What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
o A) Excessive water intake
o B) Diabetes insipidus
o C) Hypoaldosteronism
o D) Increased sodium excretion
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Diabetes insipidus causes water loss, concentrating sodium and
leading to hypernatremia. Excessive water (A) causes hyponatremia,
hypoaldosteronism (C) affects potassium, and sodium excretion (D) reduces
sodium.
Genetics
6. When a child inherits an autosomal recessive disease, it is inherited from:
o A) One parent
o B) Both parents as carriers
o C) The father only
o D) The mother only
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Autosomal recessive diseases require two mutant alleles, one from
each carrier parent.
7. What is the chromosomal defect in Prader-Willi syndrome?
o A) Trisomy 21
o B) Deletion of chromosome 15 (paternal)
o C) Extra X chromosome
o D) Translocation of chromosome 9
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Prader-Willi syndrome results from a paternal deletion of
chromosome 15, causing imprinting defects, hypotonia, and obesity.
8. What protein indicates increased risk of neural tube defects during amniocentesis?
o A) Beta-hCG
o B) Alpha-fetoprotein
o C) Estriol
o D) Inhibin A
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Elevated alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid suggests neural tube
defects like spina bifida.
9. What genetic mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
o A) Trisomy 21
(Latest Update) Advanced
Physiology and Pathophysiology Study
Guide | Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct – GCU
Questions
Cellular Biology and Alterations
1. What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
o A) Cardiac hypertrophy
o B) Liver regeneration
o C) Muscle atrophy
o D) Bone remodeling
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Compensatory hyperplasia involves increased cell numbers to replace
lost tissue, as seen in liver regeneration after partial resection. Cardiac
hypertrophy (A) involves cell size increase, muscle atrophy (C) is cell loss, and
bone remodeling (D) is a distinct process.
2. What causes the rapid change in resting membrane potential to initiate an action
potential?
o A) Potassium gates open
o B) Sodium gates open
o C) Calcium influx
o D) Chloride efflux
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Sodium gates open, allowing sodium influx, which depolarizes the
membrane to initiate an action potential.
3. What type of necrosis is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?
o A) Coagulative
o B) Liquefactive
o C) Caseous
o D) Fat
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Caseous necrosis, with a cheesy appearance, is characteristic of
pulmonary tuberculosis due to granuloma formation.
4. Low plasma albumin causes edema due to a reduction in which pressure?
, A) Hydrostatic
o
B) Oncotic
o
C) Osmotic
o
D) Capillary
o
Answer: B
o
Rationale: Low plasma albumin reduces oncotic pressure, decreasing water
o
reabsorption into capillaries, leading to edema.
5. What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?
o A) Excessive water intake
o B) Diabetes insipidus
o C) Hypoaldosteronism
o D) Increased sodium excretion
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Diabetes insipidus causes water loss, concentrating sodium and
leading to hypernatremia. Excessive water (A) causes hyponatremia,
hypoaldosteronism (C) affects potassium, and sodium excretion (D) reduces
sodium.
Genetics
6. When a child inherits an autosomal recessive disease, it is inherited from:
o A) One parent
o B) Both parents as carriers
o C) The father only
o D) The mother only
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Autosomal recessive diseases require two mutant alleles, one from
each carrier parent.
7. What is the chromosomal defect in Prader-Willi syndrome?
o A) Trisomy 21
o B) Deletion of chromosome 15 (paternal)
o C) Extra X chromosome
o D) Translocation of chromosome 9
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Prader-Willi syndrome results from a paternal deletion of
chromosome 15, causing imprinting defects, hypotonia, and obesity.
8. What protein indicates increased risk of neural tube defects during amniocentesis?
o A) Beta-hCG
o B) Alpha-fetoprotein
o C) Estriol
o D) Inhibin A
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Elevated alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid suggests neural tube
defects like spina bifida.
9. What genetic mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
o A) Trisomy 21
