AN INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE IN CANADA BRIDGING HEALTH AND HEALING 2ND ED

AN INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE IN CANADA BRIDGING HEALTH AND HEALING 2 ND ED Vasiliki Douglas CONTENTS PART I INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND HEALTH 1. Introduction: First Nations, Métis and Inuit in Canada: Understanding the Issues 2. Western and Indigenous Ways of Knowing 3. Cultural Competency, Cultural Sensitivity and Cultural Safety 4. Historical Overview PART II INDIGENOUS HEALTH AND THE CANADIAN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 5. Understanding the Determinants of Health and Canada’s Native Population 6. Diabetes, Diet and Nutrition 7. Chronic and Infectious Diseases 8. Women’s and Children’s Health 9. Mental Health 10. Hybridisation of Healthcare and the Way Forward for Indigenous Health Chapter 1 – Introduction: First Nations, Métis and Inuit in Canada: Understanding the Issues Test Questions 1. Why did the Canadian government devolve power to Indigenous governments after the Oka Crisis? a. Federal politicians wanted to evade responsibility for Indigenous affairs. b. It saved money by devolving costs onto other levels of government. c. Because Canadian politicians wanted to demonstrate their support for Indigenous selfgovernment. d. Possibly all of the above. 2. The Oka Crisis led to increased a. awareness of Indigenous issues in Canada among both Canadians and internationally. b. police surveillance of reserves in Eastern Canada. c. government repression of Indigenous peoples in Canada. d. anti-Indigenous sentiment among the non-Indigenous population. e. all of the above. 3. The Canadian Multiculturalism Act a. Entrenched biculturalism in the Canadian constitution b. Made assimilation part of Canada’s official cultural policy c. Established the concept of the cultural mosaic as an official part of Canadian identity d. Entrenched Indigenous culture as part of Canadian identity e. Made acculturation part of Canada’s concept of the cultural mosaic 4. When did the Government of Canada commit itself to multiculturalism? a. 1971 b. 1981 c. 1975 d. 1871 5. What are the implications of universal healthcare for the Canadian heath care system? a. There are no implications b. Everyone is treated for illness when they get sick c. Tertiary care services are very important d. If the health of a part of the population is allowed to suffer, the burden falls on everyone 6. The three founding nations of Canada are a. French, English and Métis. b. English, Scottish and the Indigenous peoples. c. French, English and the Indigenous peoples. d. French, English and American. 7. The Constitution Act of 1982 defined Indians as persons belonging to one of three groups a. Métis, Inuit, First Nations. b. Métis, Inuit, Status Indians. c. Status, Non-Status, Treaty. d. Status, Non-Status, Inuit. 8. The position of Indigenous peoples in Canada was entrenched in the constitution in a. 1867. b. 1982. c. 1992. d. 2016. 9. The range of individual and collective factors and conditions and their interactions that have been shown to be correlated with health status reflects the recognition that a. Health is a capacity or resource rather than a state b. Being able to pursue one’s goals, to acquire skills and education and to grow is a privilege rather than a right c. Factors within the healthcare system significantly affect health d. The correlation is specious 10. Health promotion is a way of a. improving population health. b. reducing the burden on the public healthcare system. c. an intrusion on the human rights of the population. d. a and b 11. What is population health? a. The overall health of a population b. The health of each individual in a population c. A statistical measure of average prescription drug consumption in a population d. All of the above e. None of the above 12. How does population health relate to individual health? a. Good population health means that every individual is healthy b. Poor population health means that every individual is in poor health c. Good population health facilitates individual health d. a and b e. None of the above 13. The approach that recognises there is a range of social, economic and physical environmental factors that contribute to health is a. social engineering. b. population health. c. affirmative action. d. harmful effects reductionism. 14. The Romanow Report identified two important long-term demographic trends a. Both the general population and the Indigenous population are increasing in numbers rapidly due to high birth rates b. The Indigenous population is increasing rapidly, but the general population is only increasing through immigration c. Both the Indigenous and the general population of Canada are in a state of long-term demographic decline d. None of the above 15. Why was the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) created? a. Because the health of Canada’s Indigenous peoples is very poor b. To find ways to improve employment among the Indigenous population c. Because the government was embarrassed by the Oka Crisis d. All of the above 16. Why did both the RCAP report and the Romanow Report receive highly mixed receptions from the governments that commissioned them? a. Budget cutbacks meant that their recommendations were not followed b. Their recommendations were intrinsically unrealistic c. Federal-provincial quarrels over jurisdiction made them hard to implement in practice d a and c 17. The Ottawa Charter on Health Promotion a. identified the social and environmental roots of ill health. b. recognized that health is a by-product of a healthy environment. c. did not specifically mention the Canadian Indigenous population. d. all of the above. 18. What leads to a healthy population according to the Ottawa Charter on Health Promotion? a. Increased government spending b. Improved medical care c. Immunisations d. Improved determinants of health 19. What has changed in the healthcare environment in the last 25 years? a. Increased non-Western immigration to industrialised countries b. Increased population diversity c. More assertive populations, including ethnic minorities d. All of the above e. None of the above 20. Equity in health must be a central goal of healthcare professionals, citizens and their governments. An example of equity in health is a. locally produced and culturally appropriate health knowledge systems. b. treating everyone the same as you would treat yourself. c. implementing government developed health programs. d. health outcomes are omitted as part of the public infrastructure. 21. What does “Indian Status” mean? a. An individual is recognized by the Canadian government as the registered member of an official Indian Band b. An individual’s ability to publicly claim one is of Indigenous descent c. That an individual lives on a reserve or Indigenous community in the Canadian Arctic d. An individual is recognised as an Indian through quantum of status e. a and d 22. What distinguishes Status Indians from Non-Status Indians? a. Status Indians are officially recognised by the Canadian government as Indigenous b. Status Indians live on reserves, Non-Status Indians do not c. Status Indians have the right to vote, but Non-Status Indians do not d. All of the above 23. Non-Status Indians are a. not members of any First Nation. b. First Nations that are not recognised by the Canadian government. c. are the descendants of Europeans and First Nations. d. all of the above. 24. Non-Status Indians a. are one of the fastest-growing groups in the Indigenous population. b. are few in number and disappearing. c. mainly live on reserves. d. none of the above. 25. What was the title given to children born of one First Nations parent and one European parent? a. Métis b. Indian c. Status Indian d. First Nations 26. Métis are descendants of a. Viking colonists of Newfoundland who intermarried with the First Nations. b. a small First Nations on the Michigan Peninsula who worked for the Northwest Company. c. French, English and Scottish fur traders and their First Nations wives. d. French, English and Scottish farmers and their First Nations wives. e. none of the above. 27. Métis are one of the fastest growing Indigenous peoples in Canada because they a. have a very high birth rate. b. are growing through immigration. c. increasing numbers of Canadians are reclaiming their Métis heritage and selfidentifying as Métis. d. a and c 28. Where do the Inuit traditionally live? a. In the boreal forest b. In the Alpine regions of British Columbia c. In the circumpolar north d. In the sub-Arctic regions of Canada e. None of the above 29. The majority of First Nations and Inuit in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut live a. on reserves. b. as minorities in mixed communities with non-Indigenous peoples. c. in two major cities, Yellowknife and Iqaluit. d. in their own communities governed by elected local governments. e. none of the above.