PALS EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026 A+
GRADED 100% VERIFIED
What is the maximum nasal cannula flow rate for standard nasal cannula? - ANS-4L/min
High flow O2 - ANS-- O2 flow exceeds pt inspiratory flow
- no room air if tight
- delivers 1.00 FiO2
- via nonrebreather or high flow nasal cannula
Low flow O2 - ANS-- ≤10 L/min
- pt inspiratory flow exceeds O2 flow
- room air enters
- delivers 0.22 to 0.60 FiO2
- via standard nasal cannula or simple O2 mask
Indications for OPA - ANS-unconscious victim without gag reflex
Indications for NPA - ANS-conscious or semiconscious victim
How do you measure an OPA? - ANS-corner of mouth to angle of mandible
How to insert OPA - ANS-invert, insert, rotate, and locate
What do you do after you insert the OPA? - ANS-- check for adequate breathing
- suction w/ OPA in place, not more than 10 seconds
Minimum bag size for bag-mask ventilation for infants and younger children? - ANS-450mL
Minimum bag size for bag-mask ventilation for older children? - ANS-1000mL
Equipment needed for ET intubation - ANS-- laryngoscope
- appropriately sized ET tube w/ cuff
-A 12 ml syringe to inflate the cuff AKA air syringe
-Stylette for small tubes with narrow lumen
- monitoring: end-tidal CO2 monitor, pulse ox, cardiac monitor, BP
- tape to secure ET tube
, - suction
- ventilation bag
- face mask
- O2 supply to pre-oxygenate
- medications if pt is awake
How do you confirm proper ET tube placement via PEx an exhaled CO2 device - ANS-Return
of end tidal CO2 on monitor or via color change (yellow during expiration, purple during
inspiration), lung sounds auscultation, condensation in the tube, symmetric rise of the chest wall
Where do 3 ECG leads go? - ANS-White (negative): R shoulder
Red (positive): L lower ribs
Black/green/brown (ground): L shoulder
When do you use synchronized cardioversion? - ANS-Unstable SVT or VT w/ a pulse
When do you use unsynchronized cardioversion/defibrillation? - ANS-V-fib and pulseless VT
What is the initial shock for synchronized cardioversion? Second? - ANS-0.5-1 J/kg; 2 J/kg
What is the initial shock for defibrillation? Second? - ANS-2-4 J/kg; 4 J/kg or higher w/ max of
10 J/kg
What are the sites for IO placement? - ANS-anterior tibia, humeral head, distal femur, medial
malleolus, anterior-superior iliac spine
What are the contraindications for IO placement? - ANS-- fracture in extremity
- previous insertion attempt in the same bone
- infection overlying bone
- conditions w/ fragile bones (i.e., osteogenesis imperfecta)
What are the indications for IO placement? - ANS-- cardiac arrest
- severe hypotension
- unable to obtain IV access and need to give fluids/meds
How do you confirm IO catheter is in the correct position? - ANS-Prior to drilling, ensure to
insert needle until you hit bone (should feel a sudden dec. in resistance as needle enters
marrow) and make sure that there is one black line on the needle still visible above the skin
Should stand easily w/o support and should not wiggle w/ gentle prodding
How do you insert IO catheter? - ANS-1. find site
2. pick correct sized needle (typically red for kiddos)
3. clean
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025/2026 A+
GRADED 100% VERIFIED
What is the maximum nasal cannula flow rate for standard nasal cannula? - ANS-4L/min
High flow O2 - ANS-- O2 flow exceeds pt inspiratory flow
- no room air if tight
- delivers 1.00 FiO2
- via nonrebreather or high flow nasal cannula
Low flow O2 - ANS-- ≤10 L/min
- pt inspiratory flow exceeds O2 flow
- room air enters
- delivers 0.22 to 0.60 FiO2
- via standard nasal cannula or simple O2 mask
Indications for OPA - ANS-unconscious victim without gag reflex
Indications for NPA - ANS-conscious or semiconscious victim
How do you measure an OPA? - ANS-corner of mouth to angle of mandible
How to insert OPA - ANS-invert, insert, rotate, and locate
What do you do after you insert the OPA? - ANS-- check for adequate breathing
- suction w/ OPA in place, not more than 10 seconds
Minimum bag size for bag-mask ventilation for infants and younger children? - ANS-450mL
Minimum bag size for bag-mask ventilation for older children? - ANS-1000mL
Equipment needed for ET intubation - ANS-- laryngoscope
- appropriately sized ET tube w/ cuff
-A 12 ml syringe to inflate the cuff AKA air syringe
-Stylette for small tubes with narrow lumen
- monitoring: end-tidal CO2 monitor, pulse ox, cardiac monitor, BP
- tape to secure ET tube
, - suction
- ventilation bag
- face mask
- O2 supply to pre-oxygenate
- medications if pt is awake
How do you confirm proper ET tube placement via PEx an exhaled CO2 device - ANS-Return
of end tidal CO2 on monitor or via color change (yellow during expiration, purple during
inspiration), lung sounds auscultation, condensation in the tube, symmetric rise of the chest wall
Where do 3 ECG leads go? - ANS-White (negative): R shoulder
Red (positive): L lower ribs
Black/green/brown (ground): L shoulder
When do you use synchronized cardioversion? - ANS-Unstable SVT or VT w/ a pulse
When do you use unsynchronized cardioversion/defibrillation? - ANS-V-fib and pulseless VT
What is the initial shock for synchronized cardioversion? Second? - ANS-0.5-1 J/kg; 2 J/kg
What is the initial shock for defibrillation? Second? - ANS-2-4 J/kg; 4 J/kg or higher w/ max of
10 J/kg
What are the sites for IO placement? - ANS-anterior tibia, humeral head, distal femur, medial
malleolus, anterior-superior iliac spine
What are the contraindications for IO placement? - ANS-- fracture in extremity
- previous insertion attempt in the same bone
- infection overlying bone
- conditions w/ fragile bones (i.e., osteogenesis imperfecta)
What are the indications for IO placement? - ANS-- cardiac arrest
- severe hypotension
- unable to obtain IV access and need to give fluids/meds
How do you confirm IO catheter is in the correct position? - ANS-Prior to drilling, ensure to
insert needle until you hit bone (should feel a sudden dec. in resistance as needle enters
marrow) and make sure that there is one black line on the needle still visible above the skin
Should stand easily w/o support and should not wiggle w/ gentle prodding
How do you insert IO catheter? - ANS-1. find site
2. pick correct sized needle (typically red for kiddos)
3. clean
