NUTR 2351 Exam 1 Study Guide
What is hydrogenation and what does it produce?
Adding hydrogen to fats to make them solid; it produces trans
fats.
What are trans fats and why are they harmful?
They are artificially made fats that raise LDL and lower HDL
cholesterol.
What are essential fatty acids and where are they found?
Omega-3 and omega-6; found in fish, flaxseeds, and vegetable
oils.
What role do omega-3 fatty acids play in heart health?
They reduce inflammation and lower the risk of heart disease.
What are phospholipids and their function in foods?
Lipids that act as emulsifiers, helping fat mix with water.
What are sterols and how is cholesterol different from other
lipids?
Sterols are complex lipids; cholesterol is found in animal
products and affects heart health.
How are fats digested and absorbed?
They are emulsified by bile and digested by lipase into fatty
acids for absorption.
What are the main functions of fat in the body?
,Provide energy, support cell structure, and aid in nutrient
absorption.
What are recommendations for fat intake (percentages)?
20-35% of daily calories should come from fat.
How do LDL and HDL cholesterol affect cardiovascular risk?
LDL increases risk; HDL decreases it.
How can consumers reduce intake of saturated and trans fats?
Choose lean meats, low-fat dairy, and avoid processed snacks.
What are examples of visible and invisible fats in foods?
Visible: butter, oil; Invisible: fats in baked goods, meats, and
dairy.
What are fat replacers and artificial fats?
Ingredients used to mimic fat's texture with fewer calories;
olestra is an example.
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids.
What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino
acids?
Essential must be obtained through diet; nonessential can be
made by the body.
What is protein turnover?
The continual process of breaking down and rebuilding proteins
in the body.
, What is nitrogen balance and how is it measured?
It compares nitrogen intake vs excretion; shows whether the
body is gaining or losing protein.
What are the functions of proteins in the body?
Build and repair tissues, act as enzymes/hormones, support
immunity, transport nutrients.
What is denaturation of protein?
The alteration of protein shape due to heat, acid, or other factors,
affecting its function.
How do antibodies function in immunity?
They are proteins that bind and neutralize antigens to protect the
body.
Which hormones are made of protein?
Insulin, glucagon, and many others.
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for
protein?
0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day for adults.
What are the symptoms of protein energy malnutrition?
Muscle wasting, poor growth, weakened immunity, and edema.
What is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?
Marasmus involves severe energy deficiency; kwashiorkor
includes protein deficiency with swelling.
What are the risks of excess protein intake?
What is hydrogenation and what does it produce?
Adding hydrogen to fats to make them solid; it produces trans
fats.
What are trans fats and why are they harmful?
They are artificially made fats that raise LDL and lower HDL
cholesterol.
What are essential fatty acids and where are they found?
Omega-3 and omega-6; found in fish, flaxseeds, and vegetable
oils.
What role do omega-3 fatty acids play in heart health?
They reduce inflammation and lower the risk of heart disease.
What are phospholipids and their function in foods?
Lipids that act as emulsifiers, helping fat mix with water.
What are sterols and how is cholesterol different from other
lipids?
Sterols are complex lipids; cholesterol is found in animal
products and affects heart health.
How are fats digested and absorbed?
They are emulsified by bile and digested by lipase into fatty
acids for absorption.
What are the main functions of fat in the body?
,Provide energy, support cell structure, and aid in nutrient
absorption.
What are recommendations for fat intake (percentages)?
20-35% of daily calories should come from fat.
How do LDL and HDL cholesterol affect cardiovascular risk?
LDL increases risk; HDL decreases it.
How can consumers reduce intake of saturated and trans fats?
Choose lean meats, low-fat dairy, and avoid processed snacks.
What are examples of visible and invisible fats in foods?
Visible: butter, oil; Invisible: fats in baked goods, meats, and
dairy.
What are fat replacers and artificial fats?
Ingredients used to mimic fat's texture with fewer calories;
olestra is an example.
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids.
What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino
acids?
Essential must be obtained through diet; nonessential can be
made by the body.
What is protein turnover?
The continual process of breaking down and rebuilding proteins
in the body.
, What is nitrogen balance and how is it measured?
It compares nitrogen intake vs excretion; shows whether the
body is gaining or losing protein.
What are the functions of proteins in the body?
Build and repair tissues, act as enzymes/hormones, support
immunity, transport nutrients.
What is denaturation of protein?
The alteration of protein shape due to heat, acid, or other factors,
affecting its function.
How do antibodies function in immunity?
They are proteins that bind and neutralize antigens to protect the
body.
Which hormones are made of protein?
Insulin, glucagon, and many others.
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for
protein?
0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day for adults.
What are the symptoms of protein energy malnutrition?
Muscle wasting, poor growth, weakened immunity, and edema.
What is the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor?
Marasmus involves severe energy deficiency; kwashiorkor
includes protein deficiency with swelling.
What are the risks of excess protein intake?
