N322 - Epidemiology Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-2026
Analytic Epidemiology - Answers goal is to discover the determinants, or the HOW and WHY of
health outcomes
-identify causative agents
determine mode of transmission
Cohort Studies - Answers the study of a group of people who share a common characteristic of
interest
Prospective cohort studies - Answers is a study in which the subjects do not have the outcome
under investigation are classified on the basis of the exposure of interest at the beginning oof
the follow up period
Retrospective cohort studies - Answers Rely on existing data to look back for relationship
between exposure factors and outcomes
Case-control studies - Answers subjects are enrolled because they are known to have the
outcome of interest (cases)or they are known not to have the outcome of interest (controls)
Cross-sectional studies - Answers Provides a snapshot/cross-section of a population or group
Ecologic studies - Answers Bridges descriptive and analytic epidemiologies
Descriptive Epidemiology - Answers describes the distribution of disease, death, and health
outcomes in the population it is in.
describes the WHAT, WHO, WHERE, and WHEN of disease
Counts - Answers simplest measure to describe amount of cases
Ratio - Answers Fraction which represents the relationship between two numbers or counts
Proportion - Answers type of ratio that is the relationship of a part of a whole
-includes the quantity in the numerator as part of the denominator
Risks - Answers probability that an event will occur within a specific time period
Rate - Answers primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of state of health of
group of people
Adjusted rate - Answers statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the
composition of a population, such as age
, Attack rate - Answers same as incidence rate
Crude rate - Answers the number of occurrences compared to entire population
Fatality rate - Answers proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular disease and die within
a specified period
=estimate of risk for death
Mortality rate - Answers "death rate"
measure of deaths in population per unit of time
Epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and
illness in human populations
-goal is to prevent or limit consequences of illness
Epidemiologic Triad/Triangle - Answers host, agent, environment
Intrinsic factors affect what part of the triad's health status? - Answers the host
What are the intrinsic factors? - Answers Variable:
lifestyle
exercise level
nutrition
health knowledge
motivation for achieving health
Absolute: age, race, genes
What part/s of the epidemiological triad is extrinsic factors affect? - Answers the AGENT and
ENVIRONMENT
What are the extrinsic factors that affect the agent? - Answers Physical: radiation, heat, cold
Chemical: pollutants, medications, drugs, pesticides
Nutritional: absence/excess of food, water, vitamins
Psychosocial: social supports, stress
Biologic: bacteria, virus, fungi, toxins, parasites
Analytic Epidemiology - Answers goal is to discover the determinants, or the HOW and WHY of
health outcomes
-identify causative agents
determine mode of transmission
Cohort Studies - Answers the study of a group of people who share a common characteristic of
interest
Prospective cohort studies - Answers is a study in which the subjects do not have the outcome
under investigation are classified on the basis of the exposure of interest at the beginning oof
the follow up period
Retrospective cohort studies - Answers Rely on existing data to look back for relationship
between exposure factors and outcomes
Case-control studies - Answers subjects are enrolled because they are known to have the
outcome of interest (cases)or they are known not to have the outcome of interest (controls)
Cross-sectional studies - Answers Provides a snapshot/cross-section of a population or group
Ecologic studies - Answers Bridges descriptive and analytic epidemiologies
Descriptive Epidemiology - Answers describes the distribution of disease, death, and health
outcomes in the population it is in.
describes the WHAT, WHO, WHERE, and WHEN of disease
Counts - Answers simplest measure to describe amount of cases
Ratio - Answers Fraction which represents the relationship between two numbers or counts
Proportion - Answers type of ratio that is the relationship of a part of a whole
-includes the quantity in the numerator as part of the denominator
Risks - Answers probability that an event will occur within a specific time period
Rate - Answers primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of state of health of
group of people
Adjusted rate - Answers statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the
composition of a population, such as age
, Attack rate - Answers same as incidence rate
Crude rate - Answers the number of occurrences compared to entire population
Fatality rate - Answers proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular disease and die within
a specified period
=estimate of risk for death
Mortality rate - Answers "death rate"
measure of deaths in population per unit of time
Epidemiology - Answers the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and
illness in human populations
-goal is to prevent or limit consequences of illness
Epidemiologic Triad/Triangle - Answers host, agent, environment
Intrinsic factors affect what part of the triad's health status? - Answers the host
What are the intrinsic factors? - Answers Variable:
lifestyle
exercise level
nutrition
health knowledge
motivation for achieving health
Absolute: age, race, genes
What part/s of the epidemiological triad is extrinsic factors affect? - Answers the AGENT and
ENVIRONMENT
What are the extrinsic factors that affect the agent? - Answers Physical: radiation, heat, cold
Chemical: pollutants, medications, drugs, pesticides
Nutritional: absence/excess of food, water, vitamins
Psychosocial: social supports, stress
Biologic: bacteria, virus, fungi, toxins, parasites
