PN2003 Variations Final Examination
with Actual Detailed Answers 2025
Updated.
changes to the respiratory system with age - Answer -PO2 reduced as much as 15% between
ages 20-80
-loss of elasticity and increased rigidity
-decreased ciliary action
-forced expiratory volume reduced
-blunting of cough and laryngeal reflexes
-by age 90 approx. 50% increase in residual capacity
-alveoli fewer in number and larger in size
-thoracic muscles more rigid
-reduced basilar inflation
-lungs become smaller in size and weigh with age
-trachea stiffens due to calcification of its cartilage
-nose experiences connective tissue changes reduce support
-gag reflex weaker
-alveoli are less elasic, develop fibrosis tissue and contain fewer functional capillaries
-kyphosis
-
changes to the cells of the body - Answer -number of cells gradually reduced
-leaving fewer functional cells in the body
-lean body mass reduced
-fat tissue increase s until the sixth decade of life
-total body fat as a porpotion of the body composition increases.
-Cellular solids and bone mass are decreased
-Extracellular fluid remains failry constant
-where as intracellular fluid is decreased
,-esophagus more dilated
-reduced saliva and salivary ptyalin
-liver smaller in size
-reduced instestinal blood flow
-decreased esophageal motility
-atrophy of gastric mucosa
-decreased stomach motility, hunger contractions, and emptying time
-less production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic enzymes
- fewer cells on absorbing surface of intestines
-slower peristalisis
-tongue atrophies
-there is thinning of oral mucosa and a weakening of the muscles involved in mastication
reduced elasticity of stomach
stomach has a higher ph
Urinary System aging - Answer -decreased size of renal mass
-decreased tubuler function
-decreased bladder capacity
-decrease in nephrons
-betweenages 20 and 90, renal blood flow decreases 53% and glomerular filtration rate
decreases 50
-weaker bladder muscles
-nocturia
-weak bladder muscles
ageing of the female reproductive system - Answer -fallopian tubes atrophy and shorten
-ovaries become thicker and smaller
-cervix becomes smaller
-drier less elastic vaginal canal
-flattening of labia
-endocervical epithelium atrophies
,-vulva atrophy
-vaginal epithelium becomes thin
-cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries atrophy
-uterus and overies decrease in size
- breasts sag and less firm
-some retraction of nipples
-fibrosis and calcification of the terminal ducts
Aging of the male reproductive system - Answer -fluid-retaining capacity of seminal vesicles
reduces
-possible reduction in sperm count
-venous and arterial sclerosis of penis
-prostate enlarges in most men
-seminal vesicles having a thinner epithelium
-replacement of muscle with connective tissue
-structural changes in the seminiferous tubules include fibrosis, thinning of
epithelium,thickening of the basement membrane
-narrowing of the lumen
-atrophy of the testes
-reduction is testicular mass
-more time required for an erection
aging musculoskeletal system - Answer -muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle movements
decreased
-age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function= sarcopenia
- tendons shrink and harden
-reflexes are lessened in the arms and nearly lost in abdomen
-shortening of vertebrae
-between 20 and 70 height decreases approx 2 inches
-bones more brittle
-slight knee flexion
-decrease in bone mass and bone mineral
, -grip strength decline
-decrease body strength
-decreased calorie intake
-poor blood flow
aging nervous system - Answer -Decrease in brain weight
-blood flow to brain
-conduction velocity
-response and reaction time
-changes in sleep pattern
-decreased conduction velocity
-slower response and reaction time
-decreased brain weight
-reduced blood flow to brain
-changes in sleep pattern
-atrophy of brain and spinal cord and brain weight decreases
-# of nerve cells decline
-each cell has fewer dendrites
-cerebral blood flow decreases by 20%
aging endocrine system - Answer -Decreased acth,glucocorticoids, estrogen, testosterone
-delayed and insufficienct release of insulin, decreased tissue
-sensitivity to insulin
-reduced ability to metabolize glucose higher blood glucose
-thyroid gland undergoes fibrosis, cellular infiltration and increased nodularity
-lower metabolic rate
-reduced radioactive iodine uptake
-less thyrotopin secretion and release
-thyroid gland progressively atrophies
what is parkinsons disease - Answer progressive degeneratoin of neurons in basal ganglia
with Actual Detailed Answers 2025
Updated.
changes to the respiratory system with age - Answer -PO2 reduced as much as 15% between
ages 20-80
-loss of elasticity and increased rigidity
-decreased ciliary action
-forced expiratory volume reduced
-blunting of cough and laryngeal reflexes
-by age 90 approx. 50% increase in residual capacity
-alveoli fewer in number and larger in size
-thoracic muscles more rigid
-reduced basilar inflation
-lungs become smaller in size and weigh with age
-trachea stiffens due to calcification of its cartilage
-nose experiences connective tissue changes reduce support
-gag reflex weaker
-alveoli are less elasic, develop fibrosis tissue and contain fewer functional capillaries
-kyphosis
-
changes to the cells of the body - Answer -number of cells gradually reduced
-leaving fewer functional cells in the body
-lean body mass reduced
-fat tissue increase s until the sixth decade of life
-total body fat as a porpotion of the body composition increases.
-Cellular solids and bone mass are decreased
-Extracellular fluid remains failry constant
-where as intracellular fluid is decreased
,-esophagus more dilated
-reduced saliva and salivary ptyalin
-liver smaller in size
-reduced instestinal blood flow
-decreased esophageal motility
-atrophy of gastric mucosa
-decreased stomach motility, hunger contractions, and emptying time
-less production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic enzymes
- fewer cells on absorbing surface of intestines
-slower peristalisis
-tongue atrophies
-there is thinning of oral mucosa and a weakening of the muscles involved in mastication
reduced elasticity of stomach
stomach has a higher ph
Urinary System aging - Answer -decreased size of renal mass
-decreased tubuler function
-decreased bladder capacity
-decrease in nephrons
-betweenages 20 and 90, renal blood flow decreases 53% and glomerular filtration rate
decreases 50
-weaker bladder muscles
-nocturia
-weak bladder muscles
ageing of the female reproductive system - Answer -fallopian tubes atrophy and shorten
-ovaries become thicker and smaller
-cervix becomes smaller
-drier less elastic vaginal canal
-flattening of labia
-endocervical epithelium atrophies
,-vulva atrophy
-vaginal epithelium becomes thin
-cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries atrophy
-uterus and overies decrease in size
- breasts sag and less firm
-some retraction of nipples
-fibrosis and calcification of the terminal ducts
Aging of the male reproductive system - Answer -fluid-retaining capacity of seminal vesicles
reduces
-possible reduction in sperm count
-venous and arterial sclerosis of penis
-prostate enlarges in most men
-seminal vesicles having a thinner epithelium
-replacement of muscle with connective tissue
-structural changes in the seminiferous tubules include fibrosis, thinning of
epithelium,thickening of the basement membrane
-narrowing of the lumen
-atrophy of the testes
-reduction is testicular mass
-more time required for an erection
aging musculoskeletal system - Answer -muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle movements
decreased
-age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function= sarcopenia
- tendons shrink and harden
-reflexes are lessened in the arms and nearly lost in abdomen
-shortening of vertebrae
-between 20 and 70 height decreases approx 2 inches
-bones more brittle
-slight knee flexion
-decrease in bone mass and bone mineral
, -grip strength decline
-decrease body strength
-decreased calorie intake
-poor blood flow
aging nervous system - Answer -Decrease in brain weight
-blood flow to brain
-conduction velocity
-response and reaction time
-changes in sleep pattern
-decreased conduction velocity
-slower response and reaction time
-decreased brain weight
-reduced blood flow to brain
-changes in sleep pattern
-atrophy of brain and spinal cord and brain weight decreases
-# of nerve cells decline
-each cell has fewer dendrites
-cerebral blood flow decreases by 20%
aging endocrine system - Answer -Decreased acth,glucocorticoids, estrogen, testosterone
-delayed and insufficienct release of insulin, decreased tissue
-sensitivity to insulin
-reduced ability to metabolize glucose higher blood glucose
-thyroid gland undergoes fibrosis, cellular infiltration and increased nodularity
-lower metabolic rate
-reduced radioactive iodine uptake
-less thyrotopin secretion and release
-thyroid gland progressively atrophies
what is parkinsons disease - Answer progressive degeneratoin of neurons in basal ganglia
