HUBS 191 - ANATOMY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FULLY SOLVED LATEST UPDATE
2025-2026
What is connective tissue? - Answers Framework of the body, providing support, transport,
prevention of microorganism invasion and structure for the organs.
What is muscle tissue? - Answers Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten. Voluntary
muscle (skeletal) and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle). Function
dependant on movement.
What is epithelial tissue? - Answers a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity to protect its internal organs.
What is the nervous system tissue? - Answers Sensory input in the brain, and motor output to
the effectors. Contains support cells (glial cells) which maintain, protect and regulate the
neuron's.
What is the NZ human tissue act 2008? - Answers Bodies donated to science need dual consent
from both the donor and a family member. Most bodies are held for up to 18 months but can be
longer if used to educational purposes.
What are the key skeletal functions? - Answers Support, Protection, Movement, Calcium,
phosphate reserve, Haematopoiesis (red marrow - axial skeleton) and Fat storage (Yellow
marrow - appendicular skeleton)
What is the function and make up of the Axial skeleton? - Answers To protect and support
internal organs. Made up of 80 bones which includes the skull (cranium + facial bones),
Vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar), Sacrum(base of spine), coccyx(tail bone) and
rib cage.
What is the function and make up of the Appendicular skeleton? - Answers Primary function is
movement. Made up of 126 bones and limbs.
What is the appendicular skeleton limb function in detail? - Answers Limbs have a single
proximal long bone and two more distal long bones. Upper limb is primarily for manipulation
(fine control of hands) and the lower limb is for stability and locomotion. The skeleton is made
from 2 types of bone tissue, cancellous (spongy) and compact.
Five key types of bone skeletal structure? - Answers Flat bone (Scapula), Irregular bone
(vertebra), Sesamaid bone (patella), short bone (Carpal bones) for weight bearing, and the long
bone (humerus, ulna, tibia) levers for movement.
Single proximal bones? - Answers Upper limb= humerus, lower limb=Femur
Paired distal bones - Answers Upper limb= radius and ulna (forearm), Lower limb= Tibia and
fibula (in leg)
, What is the hand skeletal structure? - Answers Carpals (8 per hand), Meta carpals(5
metacarpals per hand) and phalanges (3 per finger and one in the thumb)
What is the foot skeletal structure? - Answers Tarsals (7 per foot), Metatarsals (5 per foot), and
Phalanges (3 bones per toe and 2 in the big toe)
What does epiphysis mean? - Answers round end of the long bone located in joints
Epiphysis anatomy? - Answers Distal and proximal ends of bone connect to make joints. Made
from cancellous bone (spongy) whilst covered in hyaline cartilage. Contains red marrow
between the trabeculae (web like structure as framework around the cancellous bone.)
metaphysis (anatomy of long bone)? - Answers The area connecting the epiphysis and
diaphysis on a long bone.
Diaphysis? - Answers shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone containing yellow marrow.
What is the medullary cavity? - Answers a space within the diaphysis of long bones that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
What is the endosteum? - Answers thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity containing
osteoblasts to build the bone.
Perisoteum - Answers Thick sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone
surface. Perforating fibres to hold the periosteum to the bone.
Upper and lower limb attachment's - Answers Upper limb attaches to the axial skeleton by the
pectoral girdle(clavicle and scapula). Lower limb attaches to the axial skeleton by the pelvic
girdle. (hip bones + sacrum = pelvis).
function of pelvic girdle - Answers The pelvic girdle enables weight from the upper part of the
body to be distributed down to the lower limbs.
female pelvis characteristics - Answers Circular pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim is wider and broader for
a baby to move through, Wide sub pubic arch and more of a curved and longer sacrum.
male pelvis characteristics - Answers Oblong shaped pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim creates a narrower
smaller pelvic inlet, narrow sub pubic arch, more curved and longer sacrum.
Microscopic structure of bone - Answers Bone is a living tissue. It has cells, it grows, it can
respond to external forces (shock force), it can repair itself, and bone is connective tissue made
up of cells and ECM(extra cellular matrix)
What are the two components of ECM - Answers In organic and organic
Organic (osteoid) makeup - Answers Makes up 33% of the bone matrix
2025-2026
What is connective tissue? - Answers Framework of the body, providing support, transport,
prevention of microorganism invasion and structure for the organs.
What is muscle tissue? - Answers Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten. Voluntary
muscle (skeletal) and involuntary muscle (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle). Function
dependant on movement.
What is epithelial tissue? - Answers a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body
cavity to protect its internal organs.
What is the nervous system tissue? - Answers Sensory input in the brain, and motor output to
the effectors. Contains support cells (glial cells) which maintain, protect and regulate the
neuron's.
What is the NZ human tissue act 2008? - Answers Bodies donated to science need dual consent
from both the donor and a family member. Most bodies are held for up to 18 months but can be
longer if used to educational purposes.
What are the key skeletal functions? - Answers Support, Protection, Movement, Calcium,
phosphate reserve, Haematopoiesis (red marrow - axial skeleton) and Fat storage (Yellow
marrow - appendicular skeleton)
What is the function and make up of the Axial skeleton? - Answers To protect and support
internal organs. Made up of 80 bones which includes the skull (cranium + facial bones),
Vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar), Sacrum(base of spine), coccyx(tail bone) and
rib cage.
What is the function and make up of the Appendicular skeleton? - Answers Primary function is
movement. Made up of 126 bones and limbs.
What is the appendicular skeleton limb function in detail? - Answers Limbs have a single
proximal long bone and two more distal long bones. Upper limb is primarily for manipulation
(fine control of hands) and the lower limb is for stability and locomotion. The skeleton is made
from 2 types of bone tissue, cancellous (spongy) and compact.
Five key types of bone skeletal structure? - Answers Flat bone (Scapula), Irregular bone
(vertebra), Sesamaid bone (patella), short bone (Carpal bones) for weight bearing, and the long
bone (humerus, ulna, tibia) levers for movement.
Single proximal bones? - Answers Upper limb= humerus, lower limb=Femur
Paired distal bones - Answers Upper limb= radius and ulna (forearm), Lower limb= Tibia and
fibula (in leg)
, What is the hand skeletal structure? - Answers Carpals (8 per hand), Meta carpals(5
metacarpals per hand) and phalanges (3 per finger and one in the thumb)
What is the foot skeletal structure? - Answers Tarsals (7 per foot), Metatarsals (5 per foot), and
Phalanges (3 bones per toe and 2 in the big toe)
What does epiphysis mean? - Answers round end of the long bone located in joints
Epiphysis anatomy? - Answers Distal and proximal ends of bone connect to make joints. Made
from cancellous bone (spongy) whilst covered in hyaline cartilage. Contains red marrow
between the trabeculae (web like structure as framework around the cancellous bone.)
metaphysis (anatomy of long bone)? - Answers The area connecting the epiphysis and
diaphysis on a long bone.
Diaphysis? - Answers shaft of long bone, composed of compact bone containing yellow marrow.
What is the medullary cavity? - Answers a space within the diaphysis of long bones that
contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
What is the endosteum? - Answers thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity containing
osteoblasts to build the bone.
Perisoteum - Answers Thick sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone
surface. Perforating fibres to hold the periosteum to the bone.
Upper and lower limb attachment's - Answers Upper limb attaches to the axial skeleton by the
pectoral girdle(clavicle and scapula). Lower limb attaches to the axial skeleton by the pelvic
girdle. (hip bones + sacrum = pelvis).
function of pelvic girdle - Answers The pelvic girdle enables weight from the upper part of the
body to be distributed down to the lower limbs.
female pelvis characteristics - Answers Circular pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim is wider and broader for
a baby to move through, Wide sub pubic arch and more of a curved and longer sacrum.
male pelvis characteristics - Answers Oblong shaped pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim creates a narrower
smaller pelvic inlet, narrow sub pubic arch, more curved and longer sacrum.
Microscopic structure of bone - Answers Bone is a living tissue. It has cells, it grows, it can
respond to external forces (shock force), it can repair itself, and bone is connective tissue made
up of cells and ECM(extra cellular matrix)
What are the two components of ECM - Answers In organic and organic
Organic (osteoid) makeup - Answers Makes up 33% of the bone matrix
