HUBS 191 Immunology Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
What is the immune system made of - Answers Organs
Cells
Molecules
What is the immune system - Answers An organised system that interacts together to defend
the body against disease
What makes up the Primary lymphoid organs - Answers Bone marrow and the thymus
What does bone morrow do in respect to the Immune system - Answers Its a source of stem
cells that dev into cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses
What does the thymus do with respect to the immune system - Answers - "school" for white
blood cells called T cells
- Developing T cells learn not to react to self
What would happen if T cells did react to self - Answers Autoimmune disease would occur
What makes up the secondary Lymphoid system - Answers Lymph nodes and the spleen
What does the spleen do with respect to the immune system - Answers it is the site of initiation
for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens
Where are the Lymph nodes Located - Answers - Located along lymphatic vessels
What does the Lymph nodes do with respect to the immune system - Answers -lymph fluid from
blood and tissue is filtered
- Site of initiation of immune responses
What are the three layers of defence - Answers 1. Chemical and physical barriers
2. Innate arm
3 Adaptive arm
What is the first physical barrier in the immune system - Answers The skin
What are the layers of the skin - Answers The epidermis
The dermis
What are the chemical defences of the skin - Answers Antimicrobial peptides
, Lysozyme
Sebum
Salt (sweat)
How does lysozyme defend the body - Answers Breaks down bacterial cell walls
How does sebum defend the body - Answers It has a low pH (Acidic) which helps prevent
microbial growth
How does sweat help defend the body - Answers Contains salt which is hypertonic and
dehydrates the pathogen
Where does mucus get produced - Answers By goblet cells
What are the layers of the mucous membrane - Answers Mucus layer
Epithelium
Fibrous connective tissue
how often are the epithelium cells renewed - Answers Constantly
Where are the mucosal membranes - Answers In the face area
Respiratory
Gut
Urogenital/rectal
Describe the Mucociliary escalator - Answers Mucus catches dirt and Cila in rythym "brush" the
mucus up to the pharynx to couch it out
What are the chemical defenses in the body - Answers Stomach - low pH
- Gall Bladder - Bile
- Intestine - Digestive enzymes
- Mucus
- Defensins
- Lysozyme (tears, urine)
What are examples of Innate defences - Answers Skin
Mucous membranes
What is the immune system made of - Answers Organs
Cells
Molecules
What is the immune system - Answers An organised system that interacts together to defend
the body against disease
What makes up the Primary lymphoid organs - Answers Bone marrow and the thymus
What does bone morrow do in respect to the Immune system - Answers Its a source of stem
cells that dev into cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses
What does the thymus do with respect to the immune system - Answers - "school" for white
blood cells called T cells
- Developing T cells learn not to react to self
What would happen if T cells did react to self - Answers Autoimmune disease would occur
What makes up the secondary Lymphoid system - Answers Lymph nodes and the spleen
What does the spleen do with respect to the immune system - Answers it is the site of initiation
for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens
Where are the Lymph nodes Located - Answers - Located along lymphatic vessels
What does the Lymph nodes do with respect to the immune system - Answers -lymph fluid from
blood and tissue is filtered
- Site of initiation of immune responses
What are the three layers of defence - Answers 1. Chemical and physical barriers
2. Innate arm
3 Adaptive arm
What is the first physical barrier in the immune system - Answers The skin
What are the layers of the skin - Answers The epidermis
The dermis
What are the chemical defences of the skin - Answers Antimicrobial peptides
, Lysozyme
Sebum
Salt (sweat)
How does lysozyme defend the body - Answers Breaks down bacterial cell walls
How does sebum defend the body - Answers It has a low pH (Acidic) which helps prevent
microbial growth
How does sweat help defend the body - Answers Contains salt which is hypertonic and
dehydrates the pathogen
Where does mucus get produced - Answers By goblet cells
What are the layers of the mucous membrane - Answers Mucus layer
Epithelium
Fibrous connective tissue
how often are the epithelium cells renewed - Answers Constantly
Where are the mucosal membranes - Answers In the face area
Respiratory
Gut
Urogenital/rectal
Describe the Mucociliary escalator - Answers Mucus catches dirt and Cila in rythym "brush" the
mucus up to the pharynx to couch it out
What are the chemical defenses in the body - Answers Stomach - low pH
- Gall Bladder - Bile
- Intestine - Digestive enzymes
- Mucus
- Defensins
- Lysozyme (tears, urine)
What are examples of Innate defences - Answers Skin
Mucous membranes
