PHM 819 MODULE 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2025 SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!
What is the main excretory route for the majority of drugs? (a) What are the other minor routes of
excretion? (b) - (ANSWER)(a) Renal
(b) Fecal/Hepatic, Pulmonary, Sweat, Tears, Hair, Nails, Eggs, Milk, Saliva
How much of the systemic blood flow is supplied to the kidneys? (a) What does this help ensure? (b) -
(ANSWER)(a) 25%
(b) Ensures the kidneys are continuously exposed to drug
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? - (ANSWER)Nephron
Renal secretion depends on the balance of what factors? (a) Where are the locations of each factor? (b)
- (ANSWER)Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption (a)
(b) Filtration = glomerulus
Secretion = proximal tubule
Reabsorption = distal tubule
Where does the blood enter (a) and exit (b) prior to and after filtration at the glomerulus? How much of
the blood becomes filtrate? (c) - (ANSWER)(a) Afferent arteriole
(b) Efferent arteriole
(c) 20% (80% distributed to peritubular capillaries)
Describe factors that affect the rate of filtration at the glomerulus - (ANSWER)-Blood flow (increase flow
= increase filtration)
-Extent of plasma-protein binding (only free, unbound drug can bind)
-Charge of chemical (negatively charged drugs cannot be filtered)
-Glomerular Filtration Rate (20% of blood reaching glomerulus actually becomes filtrate)
-Size of chemical (all chemical can be filtered for molecules of up to 5000 daltons in size)
, PHM 819 MODULE 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2025 SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!
Why does plasma-protein bound drug affect the rate of filtration? - (ANSWER)Plama proteins are too
large to filter at the glomerulus, so only the free drug can filter at the glomerulus.
What does it mean if we see plasma protein (such as albumin) in someone's urine? - (ANSWER)It means
that there is renal dysfunction at the glomerulus, as plasma proteins are normally too large to fit
through the glomerulus.
What substances are found in the urine of a healthy person without renal issues? - (ANSWER)Water,
solutes (sodium/chloride, potassium, bicarbonate) amino acids, urea, creatinine, and other excreted
waste products
Why is filtrate production rate different than the production rate of urine? - (ANSWER)Of the blood that
is filtered at the glomerulus, about 20% of it is actually produced to make filtrate. For the average
person with blood flow to kidney at 650 mL/min, this is 125 mL/min for the GFR. Due to the body
wanting to reabsorb as much water as possible to prevent dehydration, urine production is much
smaller (about 1 mL of urine/min).
How is water of excretion in the urine regulated by the body? - (ANSWER)There are two hormones that
help regulate the amount of water excreted via urine in the body.
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to regulate the rate of water excretion (water reabsorption can be
"fine tuned" at the distal tubules)
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin increases water reabsorption at the collecting ducts
Describe filtration at the glomerulus. - (ANSWER)It is the structure that encapsulates the capillaries of
the glomerulus where filtration occurs is Bowman's capsule. It is composed of specialized endothelial
cells (podocytes) that have negatively charged foot processes that wrap around the capillaries
(composed of anionic amino acids, sialic acid residues, and proteoglycans). The fenestrations of the
glomerulus capillaries allows filtration at the podocytes into the Bowman's capsule. Negatively charged
chemicals are repelled at the podocytes and cannot be filtered across the podocytes. The filtrate that is
produced can then enter the proximal tubule for further secretion/reabsorption of substances to
produce urine.
What is the main excretory route for the majority of drugs? (a) What are the other minor routes of
excretion? (b) - (ANSWER)(a) Renal
(b) Fecal/Hepatic, Pulmonary, Sweat, Tears, Hair, Nails, Eggs, Milk, Saliva
How much of the systemic blood flow is supplied to the kidneys? (a) What does this help ensure? (b) -
(ANSWER)(a) 25%
(b) Ensures the kidneys are continuously exposed to drug
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? - (ANSWER)Nephron
Renal secretion depends on the balance of what factors? (a) Where are the locations of each factor? (b)
- (ANSWER)Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption (a)
(b) Filtration = glomerulus
Secretion = proximal tubule
Reabsorption = distal tubule
Where does the blood enter (a) and exit (b) prior to and after filtration at the glomerulus? How much of
the blood becomes filtrate? (c) - (ANSWER)(a) Afferent arteriole
(b) Efferent arteriole
(c) 20% (80% distributed to peritubular capillaries)
Describe factors that affect the rate of filtration at the glomerulus - (ANSWER)-Blood flow (increase flow
= increase filtration)
-Extent of plasma-protein binding (only free, unbound drug can bind)
-Charge of chemical (negatively charged drugs cannot be filtered)
-Glomerular Filtration Rate (20% of blood reaching glomerulus actually becomes filtrate)
-Size of chemical (all chemical can be filtered for molecules of up to 5000 daltons in size)
, PHM 819 MODULE 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2025 SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!
Why does plasma-protein bound drug affect the rate of filtration? - (ANSWER)Plama proteins are too
large to filter at the glomerulus, so only the free drug can filter at the glomerulus.
What does it mean if we see plasma protein (such as albumin) in someone's urine? - (ANSWER)It means
that there is renal dysfunction at the glomerulus, as plasma proteins are normally too large to fit
through the glomerulus.
What substances are found in the urine of a healthy person without renal issues? - (ANSWER)Water,
solutes (sodium/chloride, potassium, bicarbonate) amino acids, urea, creatinine, and other excreted
waste products
Why is filtrate production rate different than the production rate of urine? - (ANSWER)Of the blood that
is filtered at the glomerulus, about 20% of it is actually produced to make filtrate. For the average
person with blood flow to kidney at 650 mL/min, this is 125 mL/min for the GFR. Due to the body
wanting to reabsorb as much water as possible to prevent dehydration, urine production is much
smaller (about 1 mL of urine/min).
How is water of excretion in the urine regulated by the body? - (ANSWER)There are two hormones that
help regulate the amount of water excreted via urine in the body.
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to regulate the rate of water excretion (water reabsorption can be
"fine tuned" at the distal tubules)
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin increases water reabsorption at the collecting ducts
Describe filtration at the glomerulus. - (ANSWER)It is the structure that encapsulates the capillaries of
the glomerulus where filtration occurs is Bowman's capsule. It is composed of specialized endothelial
cells (podocytes) that have negatively charged foot processes that wrap around the capillaries
(composed of anionic amino acids, sialic acid residues, and proteoglycans). The fenestrations of the
glomerulus capillaries allows filtration at the podocytes into the Bowman's capsule. Negatively charged
chemicals are repelled at the podocytes and cannot be filtered across the podocytes. The filtrate that is
produced can then enter the proximal tubule for further secretion/reabsorption of substances to
produce urine.
