MIMG 185A – Immunology Exam with |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
accurate detailed solutions |!! |!!
immunopathology - correct answer✔✔The study of disease states |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
overactivity can lead to self-inflicted tissue damage via immune system |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
primary immunity - correct answer✔✔When first exposed to an antigen,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the body usually takes several days to respond and build up a large
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
supply of antibodies. The number of antibodies will peak and then begin
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
to decline. |!!
secondary immunity - correct answer✔✔second time your body encounters
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
an antigen it already knows how to fight infection because of memory
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cells.
Why did the immune system evolve? - correct answer✔✔pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
"mooching" off of hosts is common because it is a good survival strategy, |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
so hosts have evolved an immune system to protect themselves from
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
pathogens.
How does pathogen transmission relate to host availability? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔when there are many hosts available, it is easier for pathogens |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
to transmit and vice versa. Pathogen needs to have a "sweet spot" where
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
it is pathogenic enough to gain from the host, but doesn't kill the host too
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
fast that it cannot replicate.
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
How do pathogens evade our immune responses? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔pathogen's mutation and evolution rate is faster than that of |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
humans because they have quicker replication times. Human population
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
density and socialization spread pathogens which means the pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
,are exposed to more selective pressure and therefore also evolve faster
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
from that. |!!
Why are vaccines so effective? - correct answer✔✔The allow the immune
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
system to always recognize the pathogen before it can even mutate or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
replicate in the host (no mutation = no evolution) |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
herd immunity - correct answer✔✔the idea that if the majority of people in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a population are vaccinated, then the whole community will be safe since
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the disease can't spread very far with the limited number of available
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
hosts.
indirect COVID-19 deaths - correct answer✔✔deaths due to circumstances
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
caused by COVID-19 such as death of someone who had a life threatening
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
condition other than COVID who could not be treated because ICUs were
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
full of COVID patients
|!! |!! |!!
primary lymphoid organs - correct answer✔✔bone marrow and thymus;
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
where immune cells are made and develop
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
secondary lymphoid organs - correct answer✔✔spleen, lymph nodes, |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
tonsil; where the immune system can "see" pathogens; important for
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
immune surveillance of pathogens - where immune cells can survey blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and lymph at the same time for invaders
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Which two fluids connect the cells and organs of the immune system? -
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
correct answer✔✔blood and lymph |!! |!! |!!
functions of blood - correct answer✔✔-carry oxygen and nutrients to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
tissues
-carry waste products from tissues to metabolic or secretory organs (CO2
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
or ammonia)
|!!
,-transport white blood cells to sites of infection
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
functions of lymph - correct answer✔✔-return interstitial fluid to the heart
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(lymph's drained from tissues and transported back to the heart to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
maintain osmotic balance in the body)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-aid hormone and lipid diffusion into the blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-immune surveillance of all tissues (lymph takes waste and byproducts
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(including pathogens) from organs and runs it throughout the body
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(especially the lymph nodes) so any potential pathogens can be detected
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
interstitial fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid in the spaces between cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
components of blood - correct answer✔✔plasma (55%), platelets (>1%),
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
white blood cells (>1%), red blood cells (40-45%)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood plasma function - correct answer✔✔transports nutrients, hormones,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and proteins
|!!
platelet function - correct answer✔✔form blood clots to prevent blood loss
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
white blood cells - correct answer✔✔these are all the immune cells that
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
circulate through the body |!! |!! |!!
red blood cell function - correct answer✔✔carry oxygen and remove
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
carbon dioxide |!!
red blood cell structure - correct answer✔✔-no nucleus or mitochondria =
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
more space for hemoglobin to fit in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- large surface area which allows cell to maximally transport oxygen
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-contains hemoglobin which can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
, heme group - correct answer✔✔-non-protein prosthetic group connected to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a protein chain which folds into an alpha helix
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-has a porphyrin ring which holds an iron which facilitates reversible
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
binding of oxygen |!! |!!
recycling of red blood cells - correct answer✔✔red blood cells have a
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
limited lifespan so they need to be produced constantly. When a red blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cell is going to be recycled it is either engulfed by a macrophage (90% of
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the time) or it lyses in the blood plasma due to pressure or force and the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
remnants are picked up by circulating macrophages (10%)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- new rbc's are produced in the bone marrow
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
anemia - correct answer✔✔-a condition caused by red blood cell deficiency
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(often due to lack of iron)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- this condition results in poor oxygen circulation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
sickle cell anemia - correct answer✔✔- an inherited red blood cell disorder
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
that causes formation of atypically shaped RBC's into sickle shapes
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- sickle RBCs can aggregate in small blood vessels and block blood flow
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
which causes swelling and edema |!! |!! |!! |!!
- sickle shape leads to faster breakdown of RBCs which leads to anemia
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood type - correct answer✔✔classification of blood that depends on the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
antigens presented on the surface of the person's red blood cells (A, B, or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
none)
- people will develop antibodies for all other antigens except for the ones
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
their RBCs carry |!! |!!
Rh antigens - correct answer✔✔-there are 6 types of Rh proteins with
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
antigen D being the most common (DD/Dd = +) (dd = -) |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
accurate detailed solutions |!! |!!
immunopathology - correct answer✔✔The study of disease states |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
overactivity can lead to self-inflicted tissue damage via immune system |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
primary immunity - correct answer✔✔When first exposed to an antigen,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the body usually takes several days to respond and build up a large
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
supply of antibodies. The number of antibodies will peak and then begin
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
to decline. |!!
secondary immunity - correct answer✔✔second time your body encounters
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
an antigen it already knows how to fight infection because of memory
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cells.
Why did the immune system evolve? - correct answer✔✔pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
"mooching" off of hosts is common because it is a good survival strategy, |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
so hosts have evolved an immune system to protect themselves from
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
pathogens.
How does pathogen transmission relate to host availability? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔when there are many hosts available, it is easier for pathogens |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
to transmit and vice versa. Pathogen needs to have a "sweet spot" where
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
it is pathogenic enough to gain from the host, but doesn't kill the host too
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
fast that it cannot replicate.
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
How do pathogens evade our immune responses? - correct
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
answer✔✔pathogen's mutation and evolution rate is faster than that of |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
humans because they have quicker replication times. Human population
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
density and socialization spread pathogens which means the pathogens
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
,are exposed to more selective pressure and therefore also evolve faster
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
from that. |!!
Why are vaccines so effective? - correct answer✔✔The allow the immune
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
system to always recognize the pathogen before it can even mutate or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
replicate in the host (no mutation = no evolution) |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
herd immunity - correct answer✔✔the idea that if the majority of people in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a population are vaccinated, then the whole community will be safe since
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the disease can't spread very far with the limited number of available
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
hosts.
indirect COVID-19 deaths - correct answer✔✔deaths due to circumstances
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
caused by COVID-19 such as death of someone who had a life threatening
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
condition other than COVID who could not be treated because ICUs were
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
full of COVID patients
|!! |!! |!!
primary lymphoid organs - correct answer✔✔bone marrow and thymus;
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
where immune cells are made and develop
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
secondary lymphoid organs - correct answer✔✔spleen, lymph nodes, |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
tonsil; where the immune system can "see" pathogens; important for
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
immune surveillance of pathogens - where immune cells can survey blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and lymph at the same time for invaders
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
Which two fluids connect the cells and organs of the immune system? -
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
correct answer✔✔blood and lymph |!! |!! |!!
functions of blood - correct answer✔✔-carry oxygen and nutrients to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
tissues
-carry waste products from tissues to metabolic or secretory organs (CO2
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
or ammonia)
|!!
,-transport white blood cells to sites of infection
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
functions of lymph - correct answer✔✔-return interstitial fluid to the heart
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(lymph's drained from tissues and transported back to the heart to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
maintain osmotic balance in the body)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-aid hormone and lipid diffusion into the blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-immune surveillance of all tissues (lymph takes waste and byproducts
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(including pathogens) from organs and runs it throughout the body
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(especially the lymph nodes) so any potential pathogens can be detected
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
interstitial fluid - correct answer✔✔fluid in the spaces between cells
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
components of blood - correct answer✔✔plasma (55%), platelets (>1%),
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
white blood cells (>1%), red blood cells (40-45%)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood plasma function - correct answer✔✔transports nutrients, hormones,
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
and proteins
|!!
platelet function - correct answer✔✔form blood clots to prevent blood loss
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
white blood cells - correct answer✔✔these are all the immune cells that
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
circulate through the body |!! |!! |!!
red blood cell function - correct answer✔✔carry oxygen and remove
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
carbon dioxide |!!
red blood cell structure - correct answer✔✔-no nucleus or mitochondria =
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
more space for hemoglobin to fit in
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- large surface area which allows cell to maximally transport oxygen
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-contains hemoglobin which can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
, heme group - correct answer✔✔-non-protein prosthetic group connected to
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
a protein chain which folds into an alpha helix
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
-has a porphyrin ring which holds an iron which facilitates reversible
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
binding of oxygen |!! |!!
recycling of red blood cells - correct answer✔✔red blood cells have a
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
limited lifespan so they need to be produced constantly. When a red blood
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
cell is going to be recycled it is either engulfed by a macrophage (90% of
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
the time) or it lyses in the blood plasma due to pressure or force and the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
remnants are picked up by circulating macrophages (10%)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- new rbc's are produced in the bone marrow
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
anemia - correct answer✔✔-a condition caused by red blood cell deficiency
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
(often due to lack of iron)
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- this condition results in poor oxygen circulation
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
sickle cell anemia - correct answer✔✔- an inherited red blood cell disorder
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
that causes formation of atypically shaped RBC's into sickle shapes
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
- sickle RBCs can aggregate in small blood vessels and block blood flow
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
which causes swelling and edema |!! |!! |!! |!!
- sickle shape leads to faster breakdown of RBCs which leads to anemia
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
blood type - correct answer✔✔classification of blood that depends on the
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
antigens presented on the surface of the person's red blood cells (A, B, or
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
none)
- people will develop antibodies for all other antigens except for the ones
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
their RBCs carry |!! |!!
Rh antigens - correct answer✔✔-there are 6 types of Rh proteins with
|!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
antigen D being the most common (DD/Dd = +) (dd = -) |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!! |!!
