A&P 2 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
List the general functions of blood -
ANSWER -Transport Substances - such as Describe erythropoiesis - ANSWER -
gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, and hormones Formation of Red Blood Cells RBCs
between cells in the body and the external
environment in order to help maintain Stem cell becomes Hemocytoblast becomes
homeostasis Proerythroblast (Committed cell) which becomes
an
Regulation of body temperature, body pH, and Erythroblast which matures and ejects its nucleus
fluid volume becomes a reticulocyte and matures into
erythrocyte
Protection from excessive blood loss
(hemostasis) and from infection
Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte -
ANSWER -1. Low oxygen levels in blood
List the 4 components of blood and their stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin
percentages - ANSWER -45% Formed
Elements 2. Erythropoietin levels rise in blood
55% Plasma 3. Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in
blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
<1% Platelets and White Blood Cells
4. New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function
about 120 days
Describe the composition of blood plasma -
ANSWER -Clear, yellowish liquid portion of 5. Aged and damaged red blood cells are
blood that suspends cells and platelets. engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and
bone marrow, the hemoglobin is broken down
Mainly composed of water (90%) with a mixture
of organic & inorganic substances dissolved
within it What are the functions of ferritin, hemosiderin,
and transferrin - ANSWER -Iron is stored in
the liver as ferritin and hemosiderin
What are the formed elements of the blood and
what are their functions? - ANSWER - Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood
Erythrocytes - Flexible, biconcave cells that from liver as needed for erythropoiesis
contain hemoglobin (hgb); contribute to blood
viscosity; Respiratory gas transport; Hemoglobin
binds Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide reversibly; Explain the process of hemostasis, including
composed of globin + iron-containing heme coagulation of the blood. - ANSWER -
Hemostasis - The stoppage of bleeding
Leukocytes - To protect against disease
Following injury to a blood vessel, several
Thrombocytes - Platelets - Help heal damaged measures are taken to prevent blood loss
blood vessels through its involvement in blood - Vasospasm (Blood Vessel Spasm)
clot formation - Platelet Plug Formation
- Blood Coagulation/ Blood Clotting
1/7
, A&P 2 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Blood Type B -
Vasospasm/ Vasoconstriction - Has antigen B on the surface of the RBC and
- Immediate response to injury contains Anti-A antibodies
- Smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels
contract Blood Type AB -
- Contraction of the vessel lessens blood loss Has both Antigen A and Antigen B on the surface
- Only efficient in smaller vessels of the RBC and does not contain antibodies
Platelet Plug Formation Blood Type O - Has no Antigens on the surface
- Upon injury, platelets become "sticky" and of the RBC and contains both Anti-A and Anti-B
adhere to any rough surface and to collagen in antibodies
connective tissue
- Platelets also adhere to each other Type A - contains agglutinogen A
- Positive feedback mechanism to stop blood
loss Type B - contains agglutinogen B
Coagulation/ Blood Clotting Type AB - contains agglutinogens A and B
- Coagulation is the conversion of soluble
fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin by the enzyme Type O - contains no agglutinogens
thrombin
- Blood clotting in the most effective means of
hemostasis Rh Blood Group -
- Clotting factors are biochemicals that promote The Rh antigen is present on the RBC surfaces
clotting of Rh+ blood and absent in Rh- blood
Step 1 - Vascular Spasm
Smooth muscle contracts, causing Describe the gross anatomy of the heart and the
vasoconstriction functions of these structures - ANSWER -
Step 2 - Platelet Plus Formation
Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; Pericardium - - ANSWER -Fibrous
platelets adhere pericardium - Most superficial layer
Platelets release chemicals that make nearby
platelets sticky; platelet plug forms Serous pericardium -
Parietal Layer (right underneath fib rough
Step 3 - Coagulation pericardium)
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells Pericardial cavity (contains serous fluid)
and platelets, forming the clot Visceral layer/ Epicardium (touches heart)
Describe blood types with respect to ABO and
Layers of the heart wall - ANSWER -
Rh blood grouping - ANSWER -Blood Type
A-
Has antigen A on the surface of the RBC and Epicardium (visceral layer) - ANSWER -
contains anti-B antibodies
Outermost layer
Part of heart wall
2/7
List the general functions of blood -
ANSWER -Transport Substances - such as Describe erythropoiesis - ANSWER -
gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, and hormones Formation of Red Blood Cells RBCs
between cells in the body and the external
environment in order to help maintain Stem cell becomes Hemocytoblast becomes
homeostasis Proerythroblast (Committed cell) which becomes
an
Regulation of body temperature, body pH, and Erythroblast which matures and ejects its nucleus
fluid volume becomes a reticulocyte and matures into
erythrocyte
Protection from excessive blood loss
(hemostasis) and from infection
Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte -
ANSWER -1. Low oxygen levels in blood
List the 4 components of blood and their stimulate kidneys to produce erythropoietin
percentages - ANSWER -45% Formed
Elements 2. Erythropoietin levels rise in blood
55% Plasma 3. Erythropoietin and necessary raw materials in
blood promote erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
<1% Platelets and White Blood Cells
4. New erythrocytes enter bloodstream; function
about 120 days
Describe the composition of blood plasma -
ANSWER -Clear, yellowish liquid portion of 5. Aged and damaged red blood cells are
blood that suspends cells and platelets. engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and
bone marrow, the hemoglobin is broken down
Mainly composed of water (90%) with a mixture
of organic & inorganic substances dissolved
within it What are the functions of ferritin, hemosiderin,
and transferrin - ANSWER -Iron is stored in
the liver as ferritin and hemosiderin
What are the formed elements of the blood and
what are their functions? - ANSWER - Iron is bound to transferrin and released to blood
Erythrocytes - Flexible, biconcave cells that from liver as needed for erythropoiesis
contain hemoglobin (hgb); contribute to blood
viscosity; Respiratory gas transport; Hemoglobin
binds Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide reversibly; Explain the process of hemostasis, including
composed of globin + iron-containing heme coagulation of the blood. - ANSWER -
Hemostasis - The stoppage of bleeding
Leukocytes - To protect against disease
Following injury to a blood vessel, several
Thrombocytes - Platelets - Help heal damaged measures are taken to prevent blood loss
blood vessels through its involvement in blood - Vasospasm (Blood Vessel Spasm)
clot formation - Platelet Plug Formation
- Blood Coagulation/ Blood Clotting
1/7
, A&P 2 Exam 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions
Blood Type B -
Vasospasm/ Vasoconstriction - Has antigen B on the surface of the RBC and
- Immediate response to injury contains Anti-A antibodies
- Smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels
contract Blood Type AB -
- Contraction of the vessel lessens blood loss Has both Antigen A and Antigen B on the surface
- Only efficient in smaller vessels of the RBC and does not contain antibodies
Platelet Plug Formation Blood Type O - Has no Antigens on the surface
- Upon injury, platelets become "sticky" and of the RBC and contains both Anti-A and Anti-B
adhere to any rough surface and to collagen in antibodies
connective tissue
- Platelets also adhere to each other Type A - contains agglutinogen A
- Positive feedback mechanism to stop blood
loss Type B - contains agglutinogen B
Coagulation/ Blood Clotting Type AB - contains agglutinogens A and B
- Coagulation is the conversion of soluble
fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin by the enzyme Type O - contains no agglutinogens
thrombin
- Blood clotting in the most effective means of
hemostasis Rh Blood Group -
- Clotting factors are biochemicals that promote The Rh antigen is present on the RBC surfaces
clotting of Rh+ blood and absent in Rh- blood
Step 1 - Vascular Spasm
Smooth muscle contracts, causing Describe the gross anatomy of the heart and the
vasoconstriction functions of these structures - ANSWER -
Step 2 - Platelet Plus Formation
Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; Pericardium - - ANSWER -Fibrous
platelets adhere pericardium - Most superficial layer
Platelets release chemicals that make nearby
platelets sticky; platelet plug forms Serous pericardium -
Parietal Layer (right underneath fib rough
Step 3 - Coagulation pericardium)
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells Pericardial cavity (contains serous fluid)
and platelets, forming the clot Visceral layer/ Epicardium (touches heart)
Describe blood types with respect to ABO and
Layers of the heart wall - ANSWER -
Rh blood grouping - ANSWER -Blood Type
A-
Has antigen A on the surface of the RBC and Epicardium (visceral layer) - ANSWER -
contains anti-B antibodies
Outermost layer
Part of heart wall
2/7
