Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2
low albumin levels
this will reduce the ability of norepinephrine and epinephrine to circulate appropriately;
associated with one's overall health and their ability to adapt
alarm stage or reaction of general adaptation syndrome
the CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized; one becomes alarmed by a stressor
that activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system
resistance or adaptation stage of general adaption syndrome
individual perceives that they have a choice of either 'fighting' or flighting'; this phase begins
with the actions of the hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and
homeostasis; this stage marks the onset of certain diseases
cortisol
secretion of this during stress exerts beneficial effects by inhibiting initial inflammatory effects;
ex: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
helper T cells
,cortisol acts to suppress the activity of these cells, which leads to a decrease in innate immunity
and to the proinflammatory response
resolution and repair
cortisol promotes this
intensity, type, and duration of stressor; tissue involved; subsequent concentration and
length of cortisol exposure
adaptive or destructive cortisol-induced effects are dependent on these
benign tumors
cells are well differentiated; have a slow growth rate; have a capsule; have slight vascularization;
expansile mode of growth; no ability to metastasize
malignant tumors
cells are poorly differentiated; have a rapid growth rate; neovascularization through angiogenesis
is present; invasive mode of growth; has the ability to metastasize
tumor markers
hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies
alpha fetoprotein
protein secreted by liver and germ cell tumors into the blood
PSA
protein secreted by prostate tumors into the blood
, paraneoplastic syndrome
phenomenon in which the tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms
ex: adrenal medulla normally secreetes adrenaline, benign tumors of the adrenal medulla can
praduce adrenaline in vast excess, leading to rapid pulse rate, high bp
promoting phagocytosis
surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance by _____
increased capillary permeability
______ causes edema that occurs during the inflammation process because it results in a leakage
of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue
increased vasodilation
what process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
function of opsonization related to the complement cascade
tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by ______
elimination of malignant cells
role of natural killer cells
INF-a
low albumin levels
this will reduce the ability of norepinephrine and epinephrine to circulate appropriately;
associated with one's overall health and their ability to adapt
alarm stage or reaction of general adaptation syndrome
the CNS is aroused and the body's defenses are mobilized; one becomes alarmed by a stressor
that activates the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system
resistance or adaptation stage of general adaption syndrome
individual perceives that they have a choice of either 'fighting' or flighting'; this phase begins
with the actions of the hormones cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
continuous stress causes the progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and
homeostasis; this stage marks the onset of certain diseases
cortisol
secretion of this during stress exerts beneficial effects by inhibiting initial inflammatory effects;
ex: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
helper T cells
,cortisol acts to suppress the activity of these cells, which leads to a decrease in innate immunity
and to the proinflammatory response
resolution and repair
cortisol promotes this
intensity, type, and duration of stressor; tissue involved; subsequent concentration and
length of cortisol exposure
adaptive or destructive cortisol-induced effects are dependent on these
benign tumors
cells are well differentiated; have a slow growth rate; have a capsule; have slight vascularization;
expansile mode of growth; no ability to metastasize
malignant tumors
cells are poorly differentiated; have a rapid growth rate; neovascularization through angiogenesis
is present; invasive mode of growth; has the ability to metastasize
tumor markers
hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies
alpha fetoprotein
protein secreted by liver and germ cell tumors into the blood
PSA
protein secreted by prostate tumors into the blood
, paraneoplastic syndrome
phenomenon in which the tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms
ex: adrenal medulla normally secreetes adrenaline, benign tumors of the adrenal medulla can
praduce adrenaline in vast excess, leading to rapid pulse rate, high bp
promoting phagocytosis
surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance by _____
increased capillary permeability
______ causes edema that occurs during the inflammation process because it results in a leakage
of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue
increased vasodilation
what process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
function of opsonization related to the complement cascade
tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by ______
elimination of malignant cells
role of natural killer cells
INF-a
