✅ Revision Notes: How Forces in Nature Affect Us
1. Climate Change & Tropical Cyclones
● Cause: Climate change increases sea surface temperature.
● Effect: Leads to longer, more intense tropical cyclones.
● Tropical Cyclones:
○ Form over warm oceans in tropical regions.
○ Bring heavy rainfall → causes flooding.
○ Floodwaters exert force on soil → can cause landslides.
2. Force of Wind in Cyclones
● Wind speeds up to 200 km/h.
● Strong winds can:
○ Damage vehicles, trees, buildings, people.
○ Break off objects and turn them into flying debris, causing injury or more
damage.
3. Earth’s Plates and Earthquakes
● Earth's crust is made of moving plates.
● Plates may slide over or against each other.
● Movement releases energy → causes earthquakes (tremors).
4. Volcanic Eruptions
● Deep inside Earth, magma forms from melted rock.
● Volcanic eruption happens when magma is pushed out forcefully.
● Releases heat, light, kinetic energy.
● Can cause destruction to towns/villages.
5. Tsunamis
● Caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
● Water is displaced → huge waves called tsunamis.
● Can reach up to 40 m high.
● On shore: Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy.
● Effects: Erosion, building damage, loss of life.
6. Singapore’s Safety
● Singapore is shielded from most natural disasters due to its geographical
location.
7. Positive Effects – Landform Formation
1. Climate Change & Tropical Cyclones
● Cause: Climate change increases sea surface temperature.
● Effect: Leads to longer, more intense tropical cyclones.
● Tropical Cyclones:
○ Form over warm oceans in tropical regions.
○ Bring heavy rainfall → causes flooding.
○ Floodwaters exert force on soil → can cause landslides.
2. Force of Wind in Cyclones
● Wind speeds up to 200 km/h.
● Strong winds can:
○ Damage vehicles, trees, buildings, people.
○ Break off objects and turn them into flying debris, causing injury or more
damage.
3. Earth’s Plates and Earthquakes
● Earth's crust is made of moving plates.
● Plates may slide over or against each other.
● Movement releases energy → causes earthquakes (tremors).
4. Volcanic Eruptions
● Deep inside Earth, magma forms from melted rock.
● Volcanic eruption happens when magma is pushed out forcefully.
● Releases heat, light, kinetic energy.
● Can cause destruction to towns/villages.
5. Tsunamis
● Caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
● Water is displaced → huge waves called tsunamis.
● Can reach up to 40 m high.
● On shore: Gravitational potential energy → kinetic energy.
● Effects: Erosion, building damage, loss of life.
6. Singapore’s Safety
● Singapore is shielded from most natural disasters due to its geographical
location.
7. Positive Effects – Landform Formation
