NURS 3366 ULTIMATE Study Guide 2025 UTA – RRD
Review & Discussion #5–#12 ANSWERED|100%
GUATANTEED PASS
Contents
Alterations in Hematologic and Lymphatic Systems (RRD #5)...................................................................... 1
Peripherial Vascular Disease (RRD #6) .......................................................................................................... 5
Alterations in the Function of the Heart (RRD #7) ........................................................................................ 9
Disorders of the Pulmonary System (RRD #8) ............................................................................................ 17
Disorders of the Genitourinary and Renal Systems (RRD #9) ..................................................................... 24
Disorders of the Neurological System (RRD#10) ........................................................................................ 31
Disorders of the Endocrine System, Part One (RRD #11) ........................................................................... 39
Disorders of the Endocrine System, Part Two (RRD #11) ........................................................................... 42
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System (RRD #12) .................................................................................. 46
All study sets are designed to be helpful to the student taking patho, but not
comprehensive. To be adequately prepared for the exams for this course, please be sure
you are familiar with the course notes, optional extra materials (lectures, preps, concept
maps, case studies, etc) and test blueprints
Alterations in Hematologic and Lymphatic Systems (RRD
#5)
What is leukemia?
A type of cancer in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes causing over-crowding of
bone marrow and decreased production of RBCs and platelets.
Leukemia is classified according to type of cell (myeloid or lymphoid) and onset (acute or chronic)
What is multiple myeloma?
A type of cancer where the predominant cell that has become cancerous is the B-lymphocytes. They
create an overabundance of cencerous immunoglobulins which infiltrate bones and certain organs and
create multiple malignant tumors.
,What are the s/sx of multiple myeloma?
malignant tumors, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, confusion, lethargy, weakness, kidney stones, kidney
failure.
What is lymphadenopathy?
Enlarged lymph nodes due to local or systemic infections.
What is lymphoma?
A cance in which certain lymphocytes begin to wildly proliferate and then clump together in the lymph
nodes.
Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL): a type of cancer that begins as enlarged painless mass in lymph nodes of the
neck (good cure rates).
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma: A wide spectrum of malignant lymphogenic disorders characterized by
localized or generalized lymphadenopathy.
What is splenomegaly?
An enlargement of the spleen. It's etiology can be hematologic, infectious, congestive, malignant, or
physiologic.
What is hypersplenism?
A condition that results from splenomegaly. Due to the enlarged spleen, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
become sequestered there and destroyed en masse. The spleen becomes engorged and enlarged and
pancytopenia occurs.
What is the sequela of pancytopenia?
Anemia, increased risk of infection, and "easy bleeding".
What kinds of events can cause increased hemolysis of RBC's?
Rh blood type incompatibility
ABO blood type incompatibility
drug reactions and autoimmune diseases in which there is a triggering of antibody attack on RBCs
infections in which RBCs are attacked (like malaria)
What disease is an example of a qualitative (or shape) defect of RBCs?
sickle-cell anemia
What disorder has more than a normal number of total circulating RBC's?
polycythemia
What is polycythemia vera?
A rare condition in which there is slow developemtn of hyper-proliferation of bone marrow stem cells
and a higher than normal number of circulating RBCs. (This is treated by donating blood.)
,What is secondary polycythemia?
A condition in which RBC numbers increase in response to hypoxic conditions: living at higher altitudes,
smoking, chronic low O2 conditions like COPD (a lung disorder).
What are the s/sx of polycythemia?
blood that is thick and slow moving is at risk for stasis
high risk for distal tissue ischemia r/t increased risk of clots
extra workload for heart and lungs
ischemic pain
What is the patho related to microcytic anemia (an RBC in less than normal numbers and MCV in less
than normal sizes)?
Something has caused the body to slowly, chronically lose RBCs and thus it begins to run low on material
to make full-sized replacements. The bone marrow tries to catch up by churning out RBCs that are
smaller (less mature)
What are two examples of causes of microcytic anemias?
women with heavy menses
occult (hidden) GI bleeding
What is the patho related to a normocytic anemia?
Something has caused rapid blood loss, so that there is no time fo compensatory response of smaller
RBCs.
What are two examples of causes of normocytic anemias?
traumatic hemorrhage
a chronic disease causes a slow-down in production of RBCs: AIDS, lupus, chronic renal failure.
What does erythropietin do?
Stimulates the bone marrow to make more RBCs.
What is the patho related to a macrocytic anemia?
Certain disease processes cause faulty DNA coding of RBC size.
What are the s/sx of pernicious anemia?
RBC < 4 million
MCV > 95
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue - red, smooth, beefy swollen appearance - painful)
fatigue, weakness, SOB
dull mentation
neuropathies / paresthesias
Give three examples of frank bleeding under the skin.
, petechiae: pinpoint red spots that don't blanche
purpura: larger areas that look purplish
ecchymosis: a general term for collection of blood under the skin greater than 1cm in size
What does occult bleeding mean?
"hidden bleeding"
Example: in the GI tract if the bleeding is slow and not is areas where blood can be digested, stools may
appear normal but actually have blood in them.
What are three categories (or etiologies)of clotting deficiency?
platelets (aka thrombocytes), clotting factors, liver disease
What are some causes of thrombocytopenia?
congenital problems
nutritional
certain drugs and chronic diseases
autoimmune disorder (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura -ITP)
What is hemophilia?
A term that refers to one of several possible different heredity deficiencies of coagulation factors
(usually an x-linked recessive problem).
s/sx spontaneous bleeding or bleeding that is out of proportion to the amount of trauma.
What is von Willebrand disease?
An inherited disorder and the most common clotting disease. The person is deficient to some degree in
von Willebrand Factor (vWF) which is found in the blood and tissue in various forms. One example: a
type of vWF is released by injured tissue and it calls platelets and binds to them and fibrinogen to
promote clotting - helping to create a "platelet plug".
What is thrombocytosis?
A platelet count that is higher than normal (400,000) and can result in hypercoagulation and manifest as
a thrombotic disorder.
What is a thromboembolic disorder?
any combination of thrombocytosis and clotting factor overactivity
What is a thrombus?
An arterial or venous clot attached to a vessel wall.
What is an embolus?
An arterial or venous thrombus that has broken loose and travels in the circulatory system.
Review & Discussion #5–#12 ANSWERED|100%
GUATANTEED PASS
Contents
Alterations in Hematologic and Lymphatic Systems (RRD #5)...................................................................... 1
Peripherial Vascular Disease (RRD #6) .......................................................................................................... 5
Alterations in the Function of the Heart (RRD #7) ........................................................................................ 9
Disorders of the Pulmonary System (RRD #8) ............................................................................................ 17
Disorders of the Genitourinary and Renal Systems (RRD #9) ..................................................................... 24
Disorders of the Neurological System (RRD#10) ........................................................................................ 31
Disorders of the Endocrine System, Part One (RRD #11) ........................................................................... 39
Disorders of the Endocrine System, Part Two (RRD #11) ........................................................................... 42
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System (RRD #12) .................................................................................. 46
All study sets are designed to be helpful to the student taking patho, but not
comprehensive. To be adequately prepared for the exams for this course, please be sure
you are familiar with the course notes, optional extra materials (lectures, preps, concept
maps, case studies, etc) and test blueprints
Alterations in Hematologic and Lymphatic Systems (RRD
#5)
What is leukemia?
A type of cancer in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes causing over-crowding of
bone marrow and decreased production of RBCs and platelets.
Leukemia is classified according to type of cell (myeloid or lymphoid) and onset (acute or chronic)
What is multiple myeloma?
A type of cancer where the predominant cell that has become cancerous is the B-lymphocytes. They
create an overabundance of cencerous immunoglobulins which infiltrate bones and certain organs and
create multiple malignant tumors.
,What are the s/sx of multiple myeloma?
malignant tumors, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, confusion, lethargy, weakness, kidney stones, kidney
failure.
What is lymphadenopathy?
Enlarged lymph nodes due to local or systemic infections.
What is lymphoma?
A cance in which certain lymphocytes begin to wildly proliferate and then clump together in the lymph
nodes.
Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL): a type of cancer that begins as enlarged painless mass in lymph nodes of the
neck (good cure rates).
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma: A wide spectrum of malignant lymphogenic disorders characterized by
localized or generalized lymphadenopathy.
What is splenomegaly?
An enlargement of the spleen. It's etiology can be hematologic, infectious, congestive, malignant, or
physiologic.
What is hypersplenism?
A condition that results from splenomegaly. Due to the enlarged spleen, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
become sequestered there and destroyed en masse. The spleen becomes engorged and enlarged and
pancytopenia occurs.
What is the sequela of pancytopenia?
Anemia, increased risk of infection, and "easy bleeding".
What kinds of events can cause increased hemolysis of RBC's?
Rh blood type incompatibility
ABO blood type incompatibility
drug reactions and autoimmune diseases in which there is a triggering of antibody attack on RBCs
infections in which RBCs are attacked (like malaria)
What disease is an example of a qualitative (or shape) defect of RBCs?
sickle-cell anemia
What disorder has more than a normal number of total circulating RBC's?
polycythemia
What is polycythemia vera?
A rare condition in which there is slow developemtn of hyper-proliferation of bone marrow stem cells
and a higher than normal number of circulating RBCs. (This is treated by donating blood.)
,What is secondary polycythemia?
A condition in which RBC numbers increase in response to hypoxic conditions: living at higher altitudes,
smoking, chronic low O2 conditions like COPD (a lung disorder).
What are the s/sx of polycythemia?
blood that is thick and slow moving is at risk for stasis
high risk for distal tissue ischemia r/t increased risk of clots
extra workload for heart and lungs
ischemic pain
What is the patho related to microcytic anemia (an RBC in less than normal numbers and MCV in less
than normal sizes)?
Something has caused the body to slowly, chronically lose RBCs and thus it begins to run low on material
to make full-sized replacements. The bone marrow tries to catch up by churning out RBCs that are
smaller (less mature)
What are two examples of causes of microcytic anemias?
women with heavy menses
occult (hidden) GI bleeding
What is the patho related to a normocytic anemia?
Something has caused rapid blood loss, so that there is no time fo compensatory response of smaller
RBCs.
What are two examples of causes of normocytic anemias?
traumatic hemorrhage
a chronic disease causes a slow-down in production of RBCs: AIDS, lupus, chronic renal failure.
What does erythropietin do?
Stimulates the bone marrow to make more RBCs.
What is the patho related to a macrocytic anemia?
Certain disease processes cause faulty DNA coding of RBC size.
What are the s/sx of pernicious anemia?
RBC < 4 million
MCV > 95
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue - red, smooth, beefy swollen appearance - painful)
fatigue, weakness, SOB
dull mentation
neuropathies / paresthesias
Give three examples of frank bleeding under the skin.
, petechiae: pinpoint red spots that don't blanche
purpura: larger areas that look purplish
ecchymosis: a general term for collection of blood under the skin greater than 1cm in size
What does occult bleeding mean?
"hidden bleeding"
Example: in the GI tract if the bleeding is slow and not is areas where blood can be digested, stools may
appear normal but actually have blood in them.
What are three categories (or etiologies)of clotting deficiency?
platelets (aka thrombocytes), clotting factors, liver disease
What are some causes of thrombocytopenia?
congenital problems
nutritional
certain drugs and chronic diseases
autoimmune disorder (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura -ITP)
What is hemophilia?
A term that refers to one of several possible different heredity deficiencies of coagulation factors
(usually an x-linked recessive problem).
s/sx spontaneous bleeding or bleeding that is out of proportion to the amount of trauma.
What is von Willebrand disease?
An inherited disorder and the most common clotting disease. The person is deficient to some degree in
von Willebrand Factor (vWF) which is found in the blood and tissue in various forms. One example: a
type of vWF is released by injured tissue and it calls platelets and binds to them and fibrinogen to
promote clotting - helping to create a "platelet plug".
What is thrombocytosis?
A platelet count that is higher than normal (400,000) and can result in hypercoagulation and manifest as
a thrombotic disorder.
What is a thromboembolic disorder?
any combination of thrombocytosis and clotting factor overactivity
What is a thrombus?
An arterial or venous clot attached to a vessel wall.
What is an embolus?
An arterial or venous thrombus that has broken loose and travels in the circulatory system.
