SLP 421 WINTER FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
SLP 421 WINTER FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025 Role of counseling w/slp
related to stuttering Educate, guidance, support -acceptance -adaptation -decision making
Help w/parent guilt by listening emphatically, educate provide beinding activities Oars
Active listening using oars Open-ended questions Affirmations Reflective listening
Summarizing
What are the Motor Speech systems?
Respiration
Articulation
Prosody
Resonatory
Phonatory
Respiration
Power Source of speech
- can result in weak/quite voice and many breaths amongst
utterances
Phonation
Pressure difference causes wave vibrations creating sound or vocal
quality
Articulation
Muscle movements shape sounds
Resonance
nasality
Prosody
,Rhythm, sing song of speech, fast and slow
Added stress
Upper Motor Neurons
Start in motor cortex and end at spinal cord
can be either pyramidal or extra-pyramidal systems
Lower Motor Neurons
From the spinal cord directly to the muscles
- movements
Basal Ganglia
- Plans and Controls complex patterns of movement
- Related to movement intensity, direction, sequencing
- Damage can impact speed of movement and/or presence
of unwanted movement
- Programming and execution of postural and supportive movement
Cerebellum
Plays a major role in Coordination of smooth movements and
balance
- Damage can result in loss of coordination and accuracy of
movement
Motor Cortex
Controls discrete muscle movement
Which system is voluntary movement?
Pyramidal system
Motor cortex to the spinal cord is the _________ system
Pyramidal
Cerebellum/ Basal Ganglia to the spinal cord is the _________ system
Extra-pyramidal
Characteristics of respiratory breakdown
- reduced vocal intensity (quite)
- reduced length of utterances
- weak voice
Damage/causes of respiratory breakdown
,- damage to CN 10 (vagus)
- damage to upper motor neurons
Characteristics of phonatory breakdown
- breathy voice
- voice tremor
- strangled voice
- raspy voice
Damage/ cause of phonatory breakdowns
- unilateral or bilateral paresis of vocal folds
- unilateral or bilateral paralysis vocal folds
- damage to CN 10 (vagus)
Characteristics of articulation breakdown
- irregular articulatory breakdowns
- Distorted vowels
- Slurred articulation/ clarity
- inaccurate productions
Damage/ causes of articulatory breakdowns
- damage to CN 5, 7, 10, and or 12
- damage to tongue, lips, mandible, soft palete
Characteristics of resonance
- hypernasality - too much nasal emissions
- hyponasality - too little nasal emissions
damage/ cause of resonance breakdown
- unilateral or bilateral paresis of soft palete
- damage to CN 10
- damage to mandibular movement and tongue (CN 5, 7)
- restricted or excessive movement of the mandible
Characteristics of prosody breakdown
- monopitch
-monoloudness
- excess and equal stress
- slow rate
- prolonged phonemes
damage/ cause of prosody breakdown
, - right hemisphere
- muscle strength
- ability to move articulators
Generally, prosody breakdowns are caused by a combo of other
motor deficits
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the
precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are
impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits
- core impairment is planning/programming of spatiotemporal
parameters of movement sequences
CAS Etiology
- can be idiopathic
- can occur with complex neurobehavioral disorders
- Can be from known neurological events (stroke)
CAS development
likely to persist past the developmental period
What speech systems are affected by CAS
Articulation
Prosody
Hallmark characteristics of CAS
- Inconsistent errors in repeated productions of syllables or words
- inefficient transitions b/t syllables and sounds
- inappropriate stress on sound within words
- Groping behaviors
- Vowel errors
- Increasing errors as length of words/ utterences increases
- Omission erros
When does groping typically occur?
elicited speech
CAS treatment hallmarks
minimal progress
regression
clients do best looking at SLP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
SLP 421 WINTER FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025 Role of counseling w/slp
related to stuttering Educate, guidance, support -acceptance -adaptation -decision making
Help w/parent guilt by listening emphatically, educate provide beinding activities Oars
Active listening using oars Open-ended questions Affirmations Reflective listening
Summarizing
What are the Motor Speech systems?
Respiration
Articulation
Prosody
Resonatory
Phonatory
Respiration
Power Source of speech
- can result in weak/quite voice and many breaths amongst
utterances
Phonation
Pressure difference causes wave vibrations creating sound or vocal
quality
Articulation
Muscle movements shape sounds
Resonance
nasality
Prosody
,Rhythm, sing song of speech, fast and slow
Added stress
Upper Motor Neurons
Start in motor cortex and end at spinal cord
can be either pyramidal or extra-pyramidal systems
Lower Motor Neurons
From the spinal cord directly to the muscles
- movements
Basal Ganglia
- Plans and Controls complex patterns of movement
- Related to movement intensity, direction, sequencing
- Damage can impact speed of movement and/or presence
of unwanted movement
- Programming and execution of postural and supportive movement
Cerebellum
Plays a major role in Coordination of smooth movements and
balance
- Damage can result in loss of coordination and accuracy of
movement
Motor Cortex
Controls discrete muscle movement
Which system is voluntary movement?
Pyramidal system
Motor cortex to the spinal cord is the _________ system
Pyramidal
Cerebellum/ Basal Ganglia to the spinal cord is the _________ system
Extra-pyramidal
Characteristics of respiratory breakdown
- reduced vocal intensity (quite)
- reduced length of utterances
- weak voice
Damage/causes of respiratory breakdown
,- damage to CN 10 (vagus)
- damage to upper motor neurons
Characteristics of phonatory breakdown
- breathy voice
- voice tremor
- strangled voice
- raspy voice
Damage/ cause of phonatory breakdowns
- unilateral or bilateral paresis of vocal folds
- unilateral or bilateral paralysis vocal folds
- damage to CN 10 (vagus)
Characteristics of articulation breakdown
- irregular articulatory breakdowns
- Distorted vowels
- Slurred articulation/ clarity
- inaccurate productions
Damage/ causes of articulatory breakdowns
- damage to CN 5, 7, 10, and or 12
- damage to tongue, lips, mandible, soft palete
Characteristics of resonance
- hypernasality - too much nasal emissions
- hyponasality - too little nasal emissions
damage/ cause of resonance breakdown
- unilateral or bilateral paresis of soft palete
- damage to CN 10
- damage to mandibular movement and tongue (CN 5, 7)
- restricted or excessive movement of the mandible
Characteristics of prosody breakdown
- monopitch
-monoloudness
- excess and equal stress
- slow rate
- prolonged phonemes
damage/ cause of prosody breakdown
, - right hemisphere
- muscle strength
- ability to move articulators
Generally, prosody breakdowns are caused by a combo of other
motor deficits
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
neurological childhood speech sound disorder in which the
precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are
impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits
- core impairment is planning/programming of spatiotemporal
parameters of movement sequences
CAS Etiology
- can be idiopathic
- can occur with complex neurobehavioral disorders
- Can be from known neurological events (stroke)
CAS development
likely to persist past the developmental period
What speech systems are affected by CAS
Articulation
Prosody
Hallmark characteristics of CAS
- Inconsistent errors in repeated productions of syllables or words
- inefficient transitions b/t syllables and sounds
- inappropriate stress on sound within words
- Groping behaviors
- Vowel errors
- Increasing errors as length of words/ utterences increases
- Omission erros
When does groping typically occur?
elicited speech
CAS treatment hallmarks
minimal progress
regression
clients do best looking at SLP
