8/11/25, 3:26 PM Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama)
Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama) latest version 2025-2026
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED ANSWERS \ALREADY GRADE A+
Which drug class may phenothiazines
decrease
hematocrit/plasma
protein, and prolong
clotting times?
Which drug may be beneficial acepromazine
for
hypertensive patients, but also
may
contribute to GE reflux due to
relaxation of the esophageal
sphincter?
Phenothiazines can protect trauma (DON'T USE IN TRAUMA PTS!)
against
catecholamine (epi) induced
dysrhythmias, but not
________ induced
dysrhythmias.
What are the alpha-2 xylazine (least potent), romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine,
agonists we've discussed? dexmedetomidine
Which is the least potent?
_ __ dysrhythmias are bradydysrhythmias
commonly
observed with a2 agonists.
You are working with a detomidine is more potent, so less drug it required (aka it's easier
horse who hates you. to give it)
Why would you chose
detomidine over xylazine
to achieve the same level of
/ 1/22
,8/11/25, 3:26 PM Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama)
IV sedation?
What is a unique animals may become suddenly aroused in response to
disadvantage to a2 stimuli (random bite, phantom kick, etc.)
agonists?
horses - hypertension (due to vasoconstriction) followed
Describe the cardiovascular
by hypotension, bradycardia and decreased CO
effects of a2 agonists in
dogs - longer hypertensive phase, bradycardia and decreased
horses and dogs. CO
Do a2 agonists provide yes
analgesia?
True or false: All species false (ruminants are most, pig is least)
are similarly
susceptible to a2
agonists.
You give a dog no, using anticholinergics with a2 agonists will only
dexmedetomidine and note increase myocardial work in the face of
significant bradycardia. vasoconstriction
Should you use
atropine to counter this? Why
or why not?
When is anticholinergic use when bradycardia is accompanied by HYPOtension
acceptable in dogs/cats to
counter bradycardia?
- emesis in cats
What are the weird effects of - hyperglycemia
a2 agonists? - diuresis (anti-ADH effect)
tolazoline
idazoxan
How do you reverse a2
agonists? yohimbine
atipamezol
e
What is atimpamezole? a2 ANTagonist, can kill horses IV
Which species can it kill
when given IV?
Generally speaking, why a2 agonists decrease CO
can't we use a2 agonists
in very sick patients?
/ 2/22
, 8/11/25, 3:26 PM Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama)
What are the drawbacks to anxiety, signs of sympathetic stim, skin flushing, nausea,
a2 antagonists (aka diarrhea, hyperthermia, loss of analgesia, sudden
reversal agents)? death
midazolam
What are the benzodiazepines
diazepam
we've discussed?
zolazepam (telozol)
Which benzodiazepine is midazolam, IM
water soluble?
Because of this, how can it
be administered?
Benzodiazepines are seizures
commonly used to treat
_____ _.
What is flumazenil? benzodiazepine antagonist (reversal agent)
bind GABA receptor to let Cl- in, hyperpolarize cell, and
What is the MOA of
benzodiazepines? decrease neuronal excitability
Describe the undesired anxious behavior, restlessness, and anxiety possible in dogs, cats,
behavioral effects of and horses
benzodiazepines. How do
use other drugs
you mitigate these?
What is the difference in foals become sedate, adults may be anxious/restless
using benzodiazepines in (you need to add another drug with adults)
foals vs adult horses?
What is a unique use of low appetite stimulation
dose benzodiazepines in
cats?
What would you consider benzodiazepines can cross placental barrier and cause neonatal
when administering a depression
benzodiazepine in a
pregnant animal?
You give a cat midazolam benzodiazepine disinhibition, give alfaxalone
and it tries to kill you. What
is happening and how do
you fix it?
What can you use to benzodiazepines
reduce muscle
hypertonicity caused by
/ 3/22
Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama) latest version 2025-2026
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED ANSWERS \ALREADY GRADE A+
Which drug class may phenothiazines
decrease
hematocrit/plasma
protein, and prolong
clotting times?
Which drug may be beneficial acepromazine
for
hypertensive patients, but also
may
contribute to GE reflux due to
relaxation of the esophageal
sphincter?
Phenothiazines can protect trauma (DON'T USE IN TRAUMA PTS!)
against
catecholamine (epi) induced
dysrhythmias, but not
________ induced
dysrhythmias.
What are the alpha-2 xylazine (least potent), romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine,
agonists we've discussed? dexmedetomidine
Which is the least potent?
_ __ dysrhythmias are bradydysrhythmias
commonly
observed with a2 agonists.
You are working with a detomidine is more potent, so less drug it required (aka it's easier
horse who hates you. to give it)
Why would you chose
detomidine over xylazine
to achieve the same level of
/ 1/22
,8/11/25, 3:26 PM Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama)
IV sedation?
What is a unique animals may become suddenly aroused in response to
disadvantage to a2 stimuli (random bite, phantom kick, etc.)
agonists?
horses - hypertension (due to vasoconstriction) followed
Describe the cardiovascular
by hypotension, bradycardia and decreased CO
effects of a2 agonists in
dogs - longer hypertensive phase, bradycardia and decreased
horses and dogs. CO
Do a2 agonists provide yes
analgesia?
True or false: All species false (ruminants are most, pig is least)
are similarly
susceptible to a2
agonists.
You give a dog no, using anticholinergics with a2 agonists will only
dexmedetomidine and note increase myocardial work in the face of
significant bradycardia. vasoconstriction
Should you use
atropine to counter this? Why
or why not?
When is anticholinergic use when bradycardia is accompanied by HYPOtension
acceptable in dogs/cats to
counter bradycardia?
- emesis in cats
What are the weird effects of - hyperglycemia
a2 agonists? - diuresis (anti-ADH effect)
tolazoline
idazoxan
How do you reverse a2
agonists? yohimbine
atipamezol
e
What is atimpamezole? a2 ANTagonist, can kill horses IV
Which species can it kill
when given IV?
Generally speaking, why a2 agonists decrease CO
can't we use a2 agonists
in very sick patients?
/ 2/22
, 8/11/25, 3:26 PM Principles of Anesthesia Exam 1 (Mama)
What are the drawbacks to anxiety, signs of sympathetic stim, skin flushing, nausea,
a2 antagonists (aka diarrhea, hyperthermia, loss of analgesia, sudden
reversal agents)? death
midazolam
What are the benzodiazepines
diazepam
we've discussed?
zolazepam (telozol)
Which benzodiazepine is midazolam, IM
water soluble?
Because of this, how can it
be administered?
Benzodiazepines are seizures
commonly used to treat
_____ _.
What is flumazenil? benzodiazepine antagonist (reversal agent)
bind GABA receptor to let Cl- in, hyperpolarize cell, and
What is the MOA of
benzodiazepines? decrease neuronal excitability
Describe the undesired anxious behavior, restlessness, and anxiety possible in dogs, cats,
behavioral effects of and horses
benzodiazepines. How do
use other drugs
you mitigate these?
What is the difference in foals become sedate, adults may be anxious/restless
using benzodiazepines in (you need to add another drug with adults)
foals vs adult horses?
What is a unique use of low appetite stimulation
dose benzodiazepines in
cats?
What would you consider benzodiazepines can cross placental barrier and cause neonatal
when administering a depression
benzodiazepine in a
pregnant animal?
You give a cat midazolam benzodiazepine disinhibition, give alfaxalone
and it tries to kill you. What
is happening and how do
you fix it?
What can you use to benzodiazepines
reduce muscle
hypertonicity caused by
/ 3/22
