HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INHOUDSTABEL
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 5
CHINA AND EAST ASIA........................................................................................................................................ 8
What is China? ................................................................................................................................................ 9
The ‘warring states period’ .............................................................................................................................. 10
The development of the Chinese state ............................................................................................................. 13
The overland system ...................................................................................................................................... 18
The tribute system ......................................................................................................................................... 19
A Japanese international system ..................................................................................................................... 20
INDIA AND INDINIZATION ................................................................................................................................. 21
Introduction: what is India? ............................................................................................................................ 21
Vedic india.................................................................................................................................................... 24
Classical India .............................................................................................................................................. 28
The Mauryan Empire ............................................................................................................................................... 29
The Gupta Dynasty .................................................................................................................................................. 30
The pala Empire ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
The Chola empire .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Indianization .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Verschil in focus: ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
The mughal empire ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 CE) ............................................................................................................................ 34
Mughal Empire (1519-1857 CE) ................................................................................................................................ 34
Belangrijke punten uit het Mughal-rijk:.................................................................................................................... 34
Heersers: ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Gevolgen en de komst van de Britten ...................................................................................................................... 35
India as an international system ........................................................................................................................ 36
The Arab expansion ......................................................................................................................................... 38
The Arab Expansion................................................................................................................................................. 39
What drove the expansion?..................................................................................................................................... 40
What explains the success of the expansion? ........................................................................................................... 40
Cause...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Arguments .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
The Umayyads and the Abbasids........................................................................................................................ 42
1001 Nights ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Significance in International Relations ....................................................................................................................... 44
The Arabs in Spain .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Significance in International Relations ..................................................................................................................... 46
"The Alhambra Decree"........................................................................................................................................... 47
An international system of caliphates .............................................................................................................. 47
Significance in International Relations ..................................................................................................................... 49
, CHALIPHATES ................................................................................................................................................. 49
The Ottoman Empire ...................................................................................................................................... 50
The Ottoman Empire ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Wat verklaart het succes van de Ottomanen? ............................................................................................................ 50
Waarom kwam het Ottomaanse Rijk uiteindelijk ten einde? ....................................................................................... 51
Belang van het Ottomaanse Rijk in Internationale Betrekkingen ................................................................................. 51
Wat leren we hiervan? ............................................................................................................................................. 52
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Het Mongoolse rijk was oorspronkelijk een unitair systeem, maar het viel uiteen in verschillende Kanaten. Er werd echter
wel een internationaal systeem gevormd op een zinvolle manier. ............................................................................... 52
Een steppe: een typisch landschap met voornamelijk weilanden. Het is een perfecte ruimte, niet zozeer om steden te
stichten, maar om ketels te hebben en van de ene plaats naar de andere te trekken. Dat betekent dat de mensen die in
deze omgeving leven niet sedentair zijn, maar nomadisch. Ze bouwen geen steden of monumenten, maar hebben een
ketel en tenten en trekken van de ene plek naar de andere. Deze omgeving is niet zozeer een 'plaats' (meer vast, meer
betekenis verbonden aan specifieke lokaliteiten), maar een 'ruimte' (men kan vrij rondzwerven). ................................ 52
Geel is de omgeving waar steppen zijn. Wat betreft het Euraziatische deel: in het noorden ligt Rusland, in het zuiden
China, in het westen ongeveer Wenen. Zo ver reikten ook de Mongoolse Kanaten. Zodra de mensen die in die polity
leefden voorbij de steppen kwamen, verloren ze hun concurrentievoordeel................................................................ 52
De Mongolen en de Sedentary Bias.......................................................................................................................... 52
De Steppe: Het Hart van de Mongoolse Levensstijl ................................................................................................... 53
Het Mongoolse Rijk: Van Eenheid naar Internationaal Systeem ................................................................................ 53
De Invloed van de Mongolen ................................................................................................................................... 53
Historische Herinneringen en Erfenissen .................................................................................................................. 53
Is de Sedentary Bias Gerechtvaardigd?..................................................................................................................... 54
Betekenis in Internationale Betrekkingen ................................................................................................................ 54
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
From Temüjin to Genghis Khan ........................................................................................................................ 54
Temüjin: De Opkomst van Genghis Khan ................................................................................................................... 55
De Geboorte van Genghis Khan ................................................................................................................................ 55
Political Life on the Eurasian Steppe .......................................................................................................................... 55
This is the context in which Temüjin / Genghis Khan rises to power............................................................................. 55
A nomadic state ............................................................................................................................................ 56
A Nomadic State ...................................................................................................................................................... 56
How to conquer the world .............................................................................................................................. 57
Dividing it all up ............................................................................................................................................. 59
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 61
An international system of khanates ................................................................................................................ 61
Impact van de Mongolen.......................................................................................................................................... 62
Hoe kwamen de Khanaten ten einde? ....................................................................................................................... 62
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 64
The Nile River Valley ...................................................................................................................................... 64
[North Africa] → NiET KENNEN ........................................................................................................................ 65
The kingdoms of West Africa ........................................................................................................................... 65
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 67
East Africa and the Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................................... 67
An African international system? ..................................................................................................................... 68
European Expansion ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Europese Expansie: Hoe Europa de Wereld Ging Domineren ............................................................................. 70
, Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 72
'Le Système Bugeaud'.............................................................................................................................................. 72
A sea route to India ........................................................................................................................................ 72
Europeans in the “New World” ........................................................................................................................ 75
A commercial world economy......................................................................................................................... 77
An industrial world economy........................................................................................................................... 79
The apotheosis of colonialism......................................................................................................................... 81
Arrogance and Sense of Distinction.......................................................................................................................... 81
The Scramble for Africa ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Aggressive Nationalism ........................................................................................................................................... 82
The Berlin Conference of 1884 ................................................................................................................................. 82
Post-WWI Mandate System in League of Nations ..................................................................................................... 82
Post-WWII Active Developmental Colonialism in Africa ............................................................................................ 82
Belgian colonialism.......................................................................................................................................... 82
Belangrijke koninkrijken in Congo: ............................................................................................................................ 83
The Congo Free State (1884-1908) ................................................................................................................... 84
Belgian Congo (1908-1960)............................................................................................................................. 86
Charte Coloniale (Koloniale Grondwet): .................................................................................................................... 87
Economische, politieke en culturele onderdrukking: .................................................................................................. 87
Sociale hervormingen: ............................................................................................................................................. 87
Anti-koloniale weerstand: ........................................................................................................................................ 87
Patrice Lumumba: ................................................................................................................................................... 87
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu en de neo-koloniale staat: ...................................................................................................... 88
Ruanda-Urundi (1916-1962) ........................................................................................................................... 88
Van Duits Oost-Afrika naar Belgisch beheer: .............................................................................................................. 88
Belgische bureaucratische interventiestaat: .............................................................................................................. 88
Voortzetting van Duitse structuren: .......................................................................................................................... 89
Unieke kenmerken onder Belgisch bestuur: ............................................................................................................... 89
conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
Global Governance in the Nineteenth Century................................................................................................... 89
The system of sovereign states........................................................................................................................ 89
The System of Sovereign States ................................................................................................................................ 90
The Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Concert of Powers ................................................................................. 91
Het Congres van Wenen (1815) en de Concert van Machten....................................................................................... 92
Belangrijkste besluiten en thema’s:........................................................................................................................... 92
Eén plenaire sessie en meerdere onderhandelingen: ................................................................................................ 92
Impact en evaluatie: ................................................................................................................................................ 93
The disintegration of the Concert system.......................................................................................................... 94
Desintegratie van het Concert van Europa ................................................................................................................. 94
Evaluatie van het Concert van Europa ....................................................................................................................... 95
The League of Nations and Its Failure ................................................................................................................ 96
Oorzaken en verloop................................................................................................................................................ 96
Impact .................................................................................................................................................................... 96
The League of Nations: origins ........................................................................................................................ 97
The League of Nations: Origins ................................................................................................................................. 97
The League of Nations: organizational form ...................................................................................................... 98
, The ‘failure’ of the League of Nations .............................................................................................................. 100
Het falen van de Volkenbond ................................................................................................................................ 100
Vroege Franse initiatieven die collectieve veiligheid ondermijnen In 1921 sloot Frankrijk een aparte alliantie met Polen,
wat een duidelijk signaal gaf dat het land geen vertrouwen stelde in het concept van collectieve veiligheid dat de
Volkenbond moest waarborgen. Dit gaf aan dat nationale belangen vaak zwaarder wogen dan internationale
samenwerking. ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
The United Nations and decolonization ............................................................................................................ 103
Introduction: the Second World War ............................................................................................................... 103
The establishment of the United Nations ......................................................................................................... 104
Human Rights in the U.N. charter ................................................................................................................... 107
Mensenrechten in het VN-Handvest ....................................................................................................................... 108
Conclusie .............................................................................................................................................................. 109
Decolonization and the Bandung Conference .................................................................................................. 109
INHOUDSTABEL
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 5
CHINA AND EAST ASIA........................................................................................................................................ 8
What is China? ................................................................................................................................................ 9
The ‘warring states period’ .............................................................................................................................. 10
The development of the Chinese state ............................................................................................................. 13
The overland system ...................................................................................................................................... 18
The tribute system ......................................................................................................................................... 19
A Japanese international system ..................................................................................................................... 20
INDIA AND INDINIZATION ................................................................................................................................. 21
Introduction: what is India? ............................................................................................................................ 21
Vedic india.................................................................................................................................................... 24
Classical India .............................................................................................................................................. 28
The Mauryan Empire ............................................................................................................................................... 29
The Gupta Dynasty .................................................................................................................................................. 30
The pala Empire ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
The Chola empire .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Indianization .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Verschil in focus: ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
The mughal empire ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 CE) ............................................................................................................................ 34
Mughal Empire (1519-1857 CE) ................................................................................................................................ 34
Belangrijke punten uit het Mughal-rijk:.................................................................................................................... 34
Heersers: ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
Gevolgen en de komst van de Britten ...................................................................................................................... 35
India as an international system ........................................................................................................................ 36
The Arab expansion ......................................................................................................................................... 38
The Arab Expansion................................................................................................................................................. 39
What drove the expansion?..................................................................................................................................... 40
What explains the success of the expansion? ........................................................................................................... 40
Cause...................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Arguments .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
The Umayyads and the Abbasids........................................................................................................................ 42
1001 Nights ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Significance in International Relations ....................................................................................................................... 44
The Arabs in Spain .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Significance in International Relations ..................................................................................................................... 46
"The Alhambra Decree"........................................................................................................................................... 47
An international system of caliphates .............................................................................................................. 47
Significance in International Relations ..................................................................................................................... 49
, CHALIPHATES ................................................................................................................................................. 49
The Ottoman Empire ...................................................................................................................................... 50
The Ottoman Empire ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Wat verklaart het succes van de Ottomanen? ............................................................................................................ 50
Waarom kwam het Ottomaanse Rijk uiteindelijk ten einde? ....................................................................................... 51
Belang van het Ottomaanse Rijk in Internationale Betrekkingen ................................................................................. 51
Wat leren we hiervan? ............................................................................................................................................. 52
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Het Mongoolse rijk was oorspronkelijk een unitair systeem, maar het viel uiteen in verschillende Kanaten. Er werd echter
wel een internationaal systeem gevormd op een zinvolle manier. ............................................................................... 52
Een steppe: een typisch landschap met voornamelijk weilanden. Het is een perfecte ruimte, niet zozeer om steden te
stichten, maar om ketels te hebben en van de ene plaats naar de andere te trekken. Dat betekent dat de mensen die in
deze omgeving leven niet sedentair zijn, maar nomadisch. Ze bouwen geen steden of monumenten, maar hebben een
ketel en tenten en trekken van de ene plek naar de andere. Deze omgeving is niet zozeer een 'plaats' (meer vast, meer
betekenis verbonden aan specifieke lokaliteiten), maar een 'ruimte' (men kan vrij rondzwerven). ................................ 52
Geel is de omgeving waar steppen zijn. Wat betreft het Euraziatische deel: in het noorden ligt Rusland, in het zuiden
China, in het westen ongeveer Wenen. Zo ver reikten ook de Mongoolse Kanaten. Zodra de mensen die in die polity
leefden voorbij de steppen kwamen, verloren ze hun concurrentievoordeel................................................................ 52
De Mongolen en de Sedentary Bias.......................................................................................................................... 52
De Steppe: Het Hart van de Mongoolse Levensstijl ................................................................................................... 53
Het Mongoolse Rijk: Van Eenheid naar Internationaal Systeem ................................................................................ 53
De Invloed van de Mongolen ................................................................................................................................... 53
Historische Herinneringen en Erfenissen .................................................................................................................. 53
Is de Sedentary Bias Gerechtvaardigd?..................................................................................................................... 54
Betekenis in Internationale Betrekkingen ................................................................................................................ 54
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
From Temüjin to Genghis Khan ........................................................................................................................ 54
Temüjin: De Opkomst van Genghis Khan ................................................................................................................... 55
De Geboorte van Genghis Khan ................................................................................................................................ 55
Political Life on the Eurasian Steppe .......................................................................................................................... 55
This is the context in which Temüjin / Genghis Khan rises to power............................................................................. 55
A nomadic state ............................................................................................................................................ 56
A Nomadic State ...................................................................................................................................................... 56
How to conquer the world .............................................................................................................................. 57
Dividing it all up ............................................................................................................................................. 59
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 61
An international system of khanates ................................................................................................................ 61
Impact van de Mongolen.......................................................................................................................................... 62
Hoe kwamen de Khanaten ten einde? ....................................................................................................................... 62
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 64
The Nile River Valley ...................................................................................................................................... 64
[North Africa] → NiET KENNEN ........................................................................................................................ 65
The kingdoms of West Africa ........................................................................................................................... 65
Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 67
East Africa and the Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................................... 67
An African international system? ..................................................................................................................... 68
European Expansion ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Europese Expansie: Hoe Europa de Wereld Ging Domineren ............................................................................. 70
, Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 72
'Le Système Bugeaud'.............................................................................................................................................. 72
A sea route to India ........................................................................................................................................ 72
Europeans in the “New World” ........................................................................................................................ 75
A commercial world economy......................................................................................................................... 77
An industrial world economy........................................................................................................................... 79
The apotheosis of colonialism......................................................................................................................... 81
Arrogance and Sense of Distinction.......................................................................................................................... 81
The Scramble for Africa ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Aggressive Nationalism ........................................................................................................................................... 82
The Berlin Conference of 1884 ................................................................................................................................. 82
Post-WWI Mandate System in League of Nations ..................................................................................................... 82
Post-WWII Active Developmental Colonialism in Africa ............................................................................................ 82
Belgian colonialism.......................................................................................................................................... 82
Belangrijke koninkrijken in Congo: ............................................................................................................................ 83
The Congo Free State (1884-1908) ................................................................................................................... 84
Belgian Congo (1908-1960)............................................................................................................................. 86
Charte Coloniale (Koloniale Grondwet): .................................................................................................................... 87
Economische, politieke en culturele onderdrukking: .................................................................................................. 87
Sociale hervormingen: ............................................................................................................................................. 87
Anti-koloniale weerstand: ........................................................................................................................................ 87
Patrice Lumumba: ................................................................................................................................................... 87
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu en de neo-koloniale staat: ...................................................................................................... 88
Ruanda-Urundi (1916-1962) ........................................................................................................................... 88
Van Duits Oost-Afrika naar Belgisch beheer: .............................................................................................................. 88
Belgische bureaucratische interventiestaat: .............................................................................................................. 88
Voortzetting van Duitse structuren: .......................................................................................................................... 89
Unieke kenmerken onder Belgisch bestuur: ............................................................................................................... 89
conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................... 89
Global Governance in the Nineteenth Century................................................................................................... 89
The system of sovereign states........................................................................................................................ 89
The System of Sovereign States ................................................................................................................................ 90
The Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Concert of Powers ................................................................................. 91
Het Congres van Wenen (1815) en de Concert van Machten....................................................................................... 92
Belangrijkste besluiten en thema’s:........................................................................................................................... 92
Eén plenaire sessie en meerdere onderhandelingen: ................................................................................................ 92
Impact en evaluatie: ................................................................................................................................................ 93
The disintegration of the Concert system.......................................................................................................... 94
Desintegratie van het Concert van Europa ................................................................................................................. 94
Evaluatie van het Concert van Europa ....................................................................................................................... 95
The League of Nations and Its Failure ................................................................................................................ 96
Oorzaken en verloop................................................................................................................................................ 96
Impact .................................................................................................................................................................... 96
The League of Nations: origins ........................................................................................................................ 97
The League of Nations: Origins ................................................................................................................................. 97
The League of Nations: organizational form ...................................................................................................... 98
, The ‘failure’ of the League of Nations .............................................................................................................. 100
Het falen van de Volkenbond ................................................................................................................................ 100
Vroege Franse initiatieven die collectieve veiligheid ondermijnen In 1921 sloot Frankrijk een aparte alliantie met Polen,
wat een duidelijk signaal gaf dat het land geen vertrouwen stelde in het concept van collectieve veiligheid dat de
Volkenbond moest waarborgen. Dit gaf aan dat nationale belangen vaak zwaarder wogen dan internationale
samenwerking. ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
The United Nations and decolonization ............................................................................................................ 103
Introduction: the Second World War ............................................................................................................... 103
The establishment of the United Nations ......................................................................................................... 104
Human Rights in the U.N. charter ................................................................................................................... 107
Mensenrechten in het VN-Handvest ....................................................................................................................... 108
Conclusie .............................................................................................................................................................. 109
Decolonization and the Bandung Conference .................................................................................................. 109
