Test Bank - Biological Science, 7th Edition
(Freeman, 2020) Chapter 32: Deuterostomes
Echinodermata - ANSWER: A phylum of marine animals, including sea stars and sea
urchins, known for their spiny skin and radial symmetry.
Hemichordate - ANSWER: A group of marine organisms related to echinoderms and
chordates, including acorn worms.
Xenoturbellida - ANSWER: A group of simple, marine, worm-like organisms, believed
to be a basal lineage of deuterostomes.
Chordata - ANSWER: A phylum defined by the presence of pharyngeal gill slits, a
dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail.
Tube feet - ANSWER: Elongated, fluid-filled structures in echinoderms, part of their
water vascular system, used for movement and feeding.
Podia - ANSWER: The sections of tube feet that extend outside the body in
echinoderms.
Pharyngeal gill slits - ANSWER: Openings in the throat found in chordates at some
stage of development.
Nerve cord - ANSWER: A hollow structure running along the dorsal side of chordates,
forming the central nervous system.
Notochord - ANSWER: A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordates that
supports the body.
Post-anal tail - ANSWER: A tail that extends beyond the anus, present in chordates
at some stage of development.
What is an Echinoderm? - ANSWER: Marine animals with spiny skin, radial
symmetry, a calcium carbonate endoskeleton, and tube feet as part of their water
vascular system.
What are the defining features of Hemichordate? - ANSWER: Acorn worms, marine
organisms with a body divided into a proboscis, collar, and trunk, and some share
features with chordates.
#$%^&^
What is the significance of the Xenoturbellida group? - ANSWER: Recently %$#$%^
discovered, worm-like deuterostomes that may be a primitive lineage. &*&^%$
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, Test Bank - Biological Science, 7th Edition
(Freeman, 2020) Chapter 32: Deuterostomes
Describe the four morphological features of Chordates. - ANSWER: Pharyngeal gill
slits, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail.
What synapomorphic traits identify the Vertebrates as a monophyletic group?
- ANSWER: Vertebrates are identified as a monophyletic group by the following
synapomorphic traits:
- Presence of a vertebral column (spine).
- A cranium (skull) surrounding the brain.
- Neural crest cells that contribute to various
structures.
- Pharyngeal slits at some point during
development.
What are three supporting pieces of evidence, showing that jaws most likely evolved
from the cartilage in the anterior-most gill arch in vertebrates?
- ANSWER: The evolution of jaws from gill arches is supported by:
1. Embryological evidence: Jaws and gill arches develop from similar
embryonic tissues in early vertebrate development.
2. Homology: The bones in the jaw are homologous to the cartilage
found in the anterior gill arches of jawless fish.
3. Fossil evidence: Fossil records show transitional forms in early jawed
vertebrates, such as placoderms, which have structures intermediate
between gill arches and jaws.
What feature of the lungfish provides insight into the origins of tetrapod limbs? -
ANSWER: Lungfish possess fleshy, lobed fins that are structurally similar to the limb
bones of tetrapods. These lobed fins provide insight into the transition from aquatic to
terrestrial life and the evolution of tetrapod limbs.
What is the purpose of the additional membrane in an amniotic cell? - ANSWER: The
amniotic membrane in an egg provides a protective fluid-filled environment for the
developing embryo, preventing desiccation and allowing for gas exchange and nutrient
storage.
What two animals are the only vertebrates that lack jaws? - ANSWER: The two
vertebrates that lack jaws are:
Hagfish (class Myxini)
Lampreys (class Petromyzontida) #$%^&^
What are three distinguishing features of organisms in the group Chondrichthyes? %$#$%^
- ANSWER: The group Chondrichthyes, which includes sharks, rays, and skates, is &*&^%$
characterized by: #$%^&*(
1. Cartilaginous skeleton (instead of bones). &^%$#$
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^%$#@$
%^&*(&^
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%^&*()*
(Freeman, 2020) Chapter 32: Deuterostomes
Echinodermata - ANSWER: A phylum of marine animals, including sea stars and sea
urchins, known for their spiny skin and radial symmetry.
Hemichordate - ANSWER: A group of marine organisms related to echinoderms and
chordates, including acorn worms.
Xenoturbellida - ANSWER: A group of simple, marine, worm-like organisms, believed
to be a basal lineage of deuterostomes.
Chordata - ANSWER: A phylum defined by the presence of pharyngeal gill slits, a
dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail.
Tube feet - ANSWER: Elongated, fluid-filled structures in echinoderms, part of their
water vascular system, used for movement and feeding.
Podia - ANSWER: The sections of tube feet that extend outside the body in
echinoderms.
Pharyngeal gill slits - ANSWER: Openings in the throat found in chordates at some
stage of development.
Nerve cord - ANSWER: A hollow structure running along the dorsal side of chordates,
forming the central nervous system.
Notochord - ANSWER: A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordates that
supports the body.
Post-anal tail - ANSWER: A tail that extends beyond the anus, present in chordates
at some stage of development.
What is an Echinoderm? - ANSWER: Marine animals with spiny skin, radial
symmetry, a calcium carbonate endoskeleton, and tube feet as part of their water
vascular system.
What are the defining features of Hemichordate? - ANSWER: Acorn worms, marine
organisms with a body divided into a proboscis, collar, and trunk, and some share
features with chordates.
#$%^&^
What is the significance of the Xenoturbellida group? - ANSWER: Recently %$#$%^
discovered, worm-like deuterostomes that may be a primitive lineage. &*&^%$
#$%^&*(
&^%$#$
%^&*(*&
^%$#@$
%^&*(&^
%$#@#$
%^&*()*
, Test Bank - Biological Science, 7th Edition
(Freeman, 2020) Chapter 32: Deuterostomes
Describe the four morphological features of Chordates. - ANSWER: Pharyngeal gill
slits, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail.
What synapomorphic traits identify the Vertebrates as a monophyletic group?
- ANSWER: Vertebrates are identified as a monophyletic group by the following
synapomorphic traits:
- Presence of a vertebral column (spine).
- A cranium (skull) surrounding the brain.
- Neural crest cells that contribute to various
structures.
- Pharyngeal slits at some point during
development.
What are three supporting pieces of evidence, showing that jaws most likely evolved
from the cartilage in the anterior-most gill arch in vertebrates?
- ANSWER: The evolution of jaws from gill arches is supported by:
1. Embryological evidence: Jaws and gill arches develop from similar
embryonic tissues in early vertebrate development.
2. Homology: The bones in the jaw are homologous to the cartilage
found in the anterior gill arches of jawless fish.
3. Fossil evidence: Fossil records show transitional forms in early jawed
vertebrates, such as placoderms, which have structures intermediate
between gill arches and jaws.
What feature of the lungfish provides insight into the origins of tetrapod limbs? -
ANSWER: Lungfish possess fleshy, lobed fins that are structurally similar to the limb
bones of tetrapods. These lobed fins provide insight into the transition from aquatic to
terrestrial life and the evolution of tetrapod limbs.
What is the purpose of the additional membrane in an amniotic cell? - ANSWER: The
amniotic membrane in an egg provides a protective fluid-filled environment for the
developing embryo, preventing desiccation and allowing for gas exchange and nutrient
storage.
What two animals are the only vertebrates that lack jaws? - ANSWER: The two
vertebrates that lack jaws are:
Hagfish (class Myxini)
Lampreys (class Petromyzontida) #$%^&^
What are three distinguishing features of organisms in the group Chondrichthyes? %$#$%^
- ANSWER: The group Chondrichthyes, which includes sharks, rays, and skates, is &*&^%$
characterized by: #$%^&*(
1. Cartilaginous skeleton (instead of bones). &^%$#$
%^&*(*&
^%$#@$
%^&*(&^
%$#@#$
%^&*()*
