Pharmacology 1: EXAM 2 Liberty University
questions and VERIFIED ANSWERS
Antimicrobial Definiton -✔✔ANS Used to prevent or treat infection.
Selective Toxicity -✔✔ANS The ability of a drug to injure a targeted cell or targeted
organism without injuring other cells or organisms.
Three Mechanisms for Selective Toxicity -✔✔ANS 1.) Disruption of Bacterial Cell Wall.
2.) Inhibits an enzyme unique to bacteria.
3.) Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis.
Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Penicillin
2.) Cephalosporins
3.) Imipenem
4.) Vancomycin
Increase Cell Membrane Permeability -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Amphotericin B
2.) Daptomycin
3.) Ketoconazole
Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis -✔✔ANS Both lethal (Bactericidal) and Non-letha
(Bacteriostatic)
1.) Lethal = Aminoglycosides
,2.) Non-Lethal = Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Linezolid
Inhibition of Bacterial Synthesis of Nucleic Acids -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Fluoroquinolones
2.) Metronidazole
3.) Rifampin
Inhibition of Specific Biochemical Reactions -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Sulfonamides
2.) Trimethoprim
Broad Spectrum -✔✔ANS Kills a wide spectrum of bacteria. (Extensively effects body flora
Narrow Spectrum -✔✔ANS Specific against few groups of bacteria.
Bactericidal -✔✔ANS Kills bacteria directly.
Bacteriostatic -✔✔ANS Halts bacterial growth without killing bacteria.
Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs -✔✔ANS May occur over time. Organism
develop resistance. May have been highly responsive then became less susceptible to on
or more drugs.
Microbial Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (Four Basic Actions) -✔✔ANS 1.) Decrease th
concentration of a drug at its site of action.
2.) Inactivate a drug.
3.) Alter the structure of drug target molecules.
4.) Produce a drug antagonist.
Spontaneous Mutation -✔✔ANS (Not so bad, usually to one drug)
- Random changes in microbe's DNA.
- Resistance to one drug.
,Conjugation -✔✔ANS (Very problematic!! Multiple drugs, different classes)
- Extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Multiple Drug Resistance
How Antibiotic Use Promotes Resistance -✔✔ANS Drugs make conditions favorable fo
overgrowth of microbes that have acquired mechanisms for resistance.
Antibiotics That Promote Resistance -✔✔ANS Broad-Spectrum Agents = Do the most t
facilitate the emergence of resistance.
The Extent of Antibiotic Use Affects Resistance -✔✔ANS The more that the antibiotics ar
used, the faster drug-resistant organisms emerge.
Nosocomial Infection -✔✔ANS Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs):
- MRSA
- VRE
Superinfections -✔✔ANS - New infection that appears during course of treatment for
primary infection.
- Because superinfections are caused by drug-resistant microbes, they often ar
DIFFICULT to treat.
Examples:
1.) Candida
2.) C. Diff
Community Acquired Infection -✔✔ANS Infection from community (Strep pneumo).
Delaying Emergence of Drug Resistance -✔✔ANS 1.) Promote adherence to appropriat
prescribing guidelines.
2.) Reduce demand for antibiotics among healthy adults and parents of young children.
3.) Emphasize adherence to prescribed antibiotic regimens.
, Selection of Antibiotics -✔✔ANS 1.) Identify organism
2.) Drug sensitivity of organism
3.) Host factors
4.) Drug may be ruled out owing to:
- Allergy
-Inability to penetrate site of infection
-Patient variables
Empiric Therapy -✔✔ANS Antibiotic therapy for patients before causative organism i
positively identified.
Drug Selection Based On:
- Clinical evaluation
- Knowledge of microbes that most likely to have caused infection.
Identifying the Infectious Organism -✔✔ANS 1.) "Match the drug with the bug"
2.) Gram-stained preparation
3.) Determining drug susceptibility:
- Disk diffusion test
- Serial dilution
- Gradient diffusion
Host Factors -✔✔ANS 1.) Host Defenses
2.) Site of Infection
3.) Previous Allergic Reaction
4.) Genetic Factors
Dosage Size and Duration -✔✔ANS -Antibiotic must be present:
a.) At the site of infection
b.) For a sufficient length of time
-Antibiotics must not be discontinued prematurely
-Teach patients to complete full prescription
questions and VERIFIED ANSWERS
Antimicrobial Definiton -✔✔ANS Used to prevent or treat infection.
Selective Toxicity -✔✔ANS The ability of a drug to injure a targeted cell or targeted
organism without injuring other cells or organisms.
Three Mechanisms for Selective Toxicity -✔✔ANS 1.) Disruption of Bacterial Cell Wall.
2.) Inhibits an enzyme unique to bacteria.
3.) Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis.
Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Penicillin
2.) Cephalosporins
3.) Imipenem
4.) Vancomycin
Increase Cell Membrane Permeability -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Amphotericin B
2.) Daptomycin
3.) Ketoconazole
Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis -✔✔ANS Both lethal (Bactericidal) and Non-letha
(Bacteriostatic)
1.) Lethal = Aminoglycosides
,2.) Non-Lethal = Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Linezolid
Inhibition of Bacterial Synthesis of Nucleic Acids -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Fluoroquinolones
2.) Metronidazole
3.) Rifampin
Inhibition of Specific Biochemical Reactions -✔✔ANS Examples:
1.) Sulfonamides
2.) Trimethoprim
Broad Spectrum -✔✔ANS Kills a wide spectrum of bacteria. (Extensively effects body flora
Narrow Spectrum -✔✔ANS Specific against few groups of bacteria.
Bactericidal -✔✔ANS Kills bacteria directly.
Bacteriostatic -✔✔ANS Halts bacterial growth without killing bacteria.
Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs -✔✔ANS May occur over time. Organism
develop resistance. May have been highly responsive then became less susceptible to on
or more drugs.
Microbial Mechanisms of Drug Resistance (Four Basic Actions) -✔✔ANS 1.) Decrease th
concentration of a drug at its site of action.
2.) Inactivate a drug.
3.) Alter the structure of drug target molecules.
4.) Produce a drug antagonist.
Spontaneous Mutation -✔✔ANS (Not so bad, usually to one drug)
- Random changes in microbe's DNA.
- Resistance to one drug.
,Conjugation -✔✔ANS (Very problematic!! Multiple drugs, different classes)
- Extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria
- Multiple Drug Resistance
How Antibiotic Use Promotes Resistance -✔✔ANS Drugs make conditions favorable fo
overgrowth of microbes that have acquired mechanisms for resistance.
Antibiotics That Promote Resistance -✔✔ANS Broad-Spectrum Agents = Do the most t
facilitate the emergence of resistance.
The Extent of Antibiotic Use Affects Resistance -✔✔ANS The more that the antibiotics ar
used, the faster drug-resistant organisms emerge.
Nosocomial Infection -✔✔ANS Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs):
- MRSA
- VRE
Superinfections -✔✔ANS - New infection that appears during course of treatment for
primary infection.
- Because superinfections are caused by drug-resistant microbes, they often ar
DIFFICULT to treat.
Examples:
1.) Candida
2.) C. Diff
Community Acquired Infection -✔✔ANS Infection from community (Strep pneumo).
Delaying Emergence of Drug Resistance -✔✔ANS 1.) Promote adherence to appropriat
prescribing guidelines.
2.) Reduce demand for antibiotics among healthy adults and parents of young children.
3.) Emphasize adherence to prescribed antibiotic regimens.
, Selection of Antibiotics -✔✔ANS 1.) Identify organism
2.) Drug sensitivity of organism
3.) Host factors
4.) Drug may be ruled out owing to:
- Allergy
-Inability to penetrate site of infection
-Patient variables
Empiric Therapy -✔✔ANS Antibiotic therapy for patients before causative organism i
positively identified.
Drug Selection Based On:
- Clinical evaluation
- Knowledge of microbes that most likely to have caused infection.
Identifying the Infectious Organism -✔✔ANS 1.) "Match the drug with the bug"
2.) Gram-stained preparation
3.) Determining drug susceptibility:
- Disk diffusion test
- Serial dilution
- Gradient diffusion
Host Factors -✔✔ANS 1.) Host Defenses
2.) Site of Infection
3.) Previous Allergic Reaction
4.) Genetic Factors
Dosage Size and Duration -✔✔ANS -Antibiotic must be present:
a.) At the site of infection
b.) For a sufficient length of time
-Antibiotics must not be discontinued prematurely
-Teach patients to complete full prescription
