NU 308 EXAM #3 Cardiac, Renal, Endocrine
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Types of lipids (3) - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterols
Triglycerides are used in - CORRECT ANSWER - Energy metabolism
Structural component of lipoprotein, blood clotting component, myelin sheath, cell membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER - Phospholipids
Cholesterol is synthesized by - CORRECT ANSWER - body cells; dietary intake of
exogenous cholesterol
Lipoprotein is a specialized fat-carrying proteins for plasma that encapsulate - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cholesterol and triglycerides (good=HDL, bad=LDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons)
Hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia) is caused by - CORRECT ANSWER - • increase
in any lipoprotein
• nutrition, genetics, metabolic disease
Primary vs secondary hyperlipidemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Primary: develops
independently (extremely high LDL, or MI before 40)
Secondary: associated with problems like obesity, DM, hypothyroidism
Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Soft deposits of intra-arterial fibrofatty lesion*
on vessels walls that harden over time (slow onset, 20-40yrs)
(Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen)
,What is the leading contributor to CAD & CVD? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER - Modifiable:
- hyperlipidemia
- smoking
- obesity
- type 2 DM
- HTN
Nonmodifiable:
- age, male, fam hx
- postmenopausal women
- genetic disorders of lipid metabolism
What plays a fundamental role in mediating all of the steps in the imitation and progression of
atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammation
Atherosclerotic lesions generally cause no symptoms until - CORRECT ANSWER - >=
60% occlusion
Major organs involved in atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart (MI)
Brain (stroke, TIA, CVA)
Kidney (ischemia, nephritis)
Lower Extremities (PAD)
Small intestine (ischemia)
Coronary atherosclerosis blockages and narrowing of the - CORRECT ANSWER -
Coronary vessels reduce blood flow to the myocardium
,What is the leading cause of death in the US for men and women of all racial and ethnic groups?
- CORRECT ANSWER - cardiovascular disease
What is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis affects one or all three of - CORRECT ANSWER - the major coronary
arteries
- right coronary artery
- left anterior descending
- left circumflex artery
Most frequent cause of heart attack and sudden death is - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atherosclerotic plaque disruption
Clinical manifestations of CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - - symptoms are caused by MI
- related to the location and degree of vessel obstruction
- angina pectoris*****
- epigastric distress, pain that radiated to jaw or left arm, SOB
- atypical symptoms in women*****
- MI, HF, death
Four modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWER --
Cholesterol abnormalities
- Tobacco use
- HTN
- DM
Other risk factor for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - • Elevated LDL
, • Metabolic syndrome
•hs-CRP (high sensitivity C-reactive protein): marker of inflammation*
• hyperhomocysteinemia
Prevention of CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - Control cholesterol
Dietary measures
Physical activity
Medications
Cessation of tobacco use
Manage HTN
Control DM
Antihyperlipidemics - CORRECT ANSWER - • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)
• Bile acid sequestrants
• Nicotinic acid (niacin)
• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
• Fibric acid derivatives (Fibrates)
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors) inhibit the synthesis of - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cholesterol and increase the LDL receptor sites
ex. Atorvastatin (Lipitor), Simvastatin (Zocor)
- all give orally, act on liver
Statins can (3) - CORRECT ANSWER - • Lower LDL cholesterol
• Raise HDL and lower triglycerides
• decrease inflammation at plaque sites, slow progress of CA calcification etc.
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Types of lipids (3) - CORRECT ANSWER - triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterols
Triglycerides are used in - CORRECT ANSWER - Energy metabolism
Structural component of lipoprotein, blood clotting component, myelin sheath, cell membranes -
CORRECT ANSWER - Phospholipids
Cholesterol is synthesized by - CORRECT ANSWER - body cells; dietary intake of
exogenous cholesterol
Lipoprotein is a specialized fat-carrying proteins for plasma that encapsulate - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cholesterol and triglycerides (good=HDL, bad=LDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons)
Hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia) is caused by - CORRECT ANSWER - • increase
in any lipoprotein
• nutrition, genetics, metabolic disease
Primary vs secondary hyperlipidemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Primary: develops
independently (extremely high LDL, or MI before 40)
Secondary: associated with problems like obesity, DM, hypothyroidism
Atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Soft deposits of intra-arterial fibrofatty lesion*
on vessels walls that harden over time (slow onset, 20-40yrs)
(Abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen)
,What is the leading contributor to CAD & CVD? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER - Modifiable:
- hyperlipidemia
- smoking
- obesity
- type 2 DM
- HTN
Nonmodifiable:
- age, male, fam hx
- postmenopausal women
- genetic disorders of lipid metabolism
What plays a fundamental role in mediating all of the steps in the imitation and progression of
atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - Inflammation
Atherosclerotic lesions generally cause no symptoms until - CORRECT ANSWER - >=
60% occlusion
Major organs involved in atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER - Heart (MI)
Brain (stroke, TIA, CVA)
Kidney (ischemia, nephritis)
Lower Extremities (PAD)
Small intestine (ischemia)
Coronary atherosclerosis blockages and narrowing of the - CORRECT ANSWER -
Coronary vessels reduce blood flow to the myocardium
,What is the leading cause of death in the US for men and women of all racial and ethnic groups?
- CORRECT ANSWER - cardiovascular disease
What is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis affects one or all three of - CORRECT ANSWER - the major coronary
arteries
- right coronary artery
- left anterior descending
- left circumflex artery
Most frequent cause of heart attack and sudden death is - CORRECT ANSWER -
Atherosclerotic plaque disruption
Clinical manifestations of CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - - symptoms are caused by MI
- related to the location and degree of vessel obstruction
- angina pectoris*****
- epigastric distress, pain that radiated to jaw or left arm, SOB
- atypical symptoms in women*****
- MI, HF, death
Four modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWER --
Cholesterol abnormalities
- Tobacco use
- HTN
- DM
Other risk factor for CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - • Elevated LDL
, • Metabolic syndrome
•hs-CRP (high sensitivity C-reactive protein): marker of inflammation*
• hyperhomocysteinemia
Prevention of CAD - CORRECT ANSWER - Control cholesterol
Dietary measures
Physical activity
Medications
Cessation of tobacco use
Manage HTN
Control DM
Antihyperlipidemics - CORRECT ANSWER - • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)
• Bile acid sequestrants
• Nicotinic acid (niacin)
• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
• Fibric acid derivatives (Fibrates)
Statins (HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors) inhibit the synthesis of - CORRECT
ANSWER - Cholesterol and increase the LDL receptor sites
ex. Atorvastatin (Lipitor), Simvastatin (Zocor)
- all give orally, act on liver
Statins can (3) - CORRECT ANSWER - • Lower LDL cholesterol
• Raise HDL and lower triglycerides
• decrease inflammation at plaque sites, slow progress of CA calcification etc.
