NSG 500 / NSG 500 Exam 3 LATEST
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLVED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - CORRECT ANSWER --- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - CORRECT ANSWER ---
do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - CORRECT ANSWER --- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - CORRECT ANSWER --black males and females; older
women
two biggest causes of HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - CORRECT ANSWER --SV/LVEDV
, synonym for inotropy - CORRECT ANSWER --contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - CORRECT ANSWER --relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. American Heart
Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - CORRECT ANSWER --
cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. Hemodynamics (Frank
Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term
can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER --1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - CORRECT ANSWER --- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - CORRECT ANSWER --20x higher than
normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - CORRECT ANSWER --- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - CORRECT ANSWER --
- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND SOLVED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - CORRECT ANSWER --- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - CORRECT ANSWER ---
do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - CORRECT ANSWER --- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - CORRECT ANSWER --black males and females; older
women
two biggest causes of HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - CORRECT ANSWER --SV/LVEDV
, synonym for inotropy - CORRECT ANSWER --contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - CORRECT ANSWER --relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. American Heart
Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity
limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - CORRECT ANSWER --
cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - CORRECT ANSWER --1. Hemodynamics (Frank
Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term
can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWER --1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - CORRECT ANSWER --- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - CORRECT ANSWER --20x higher than
normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - CORRECT ANSWER --- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - CORRECT ANSWER --
- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
