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EXSC223 exam 1 Questions with Detailed
Verified Answers
4 essential concepts in physiology
⼀Answer:- principle of complementarity, physiology uses gradients,
regulate protein function by regulating its shape, negative feedback
regulation is essential to homeostasis
all eukaryotic cells share what 3 major parts?
⼀Answer:- nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
cholesterol
⼀Answer:- helps stabilize plasma membrane; weakly polar
glycolipids
⼀Answer:- attached to sugar groups
integral membrane proteins
⼀Answer:- expands the thickness of the membrane; involved in
transportation (channels and carriers)
peripheral membrane proteins
⼀Answer:- attached to integral proteins (not embedded in
membrane); often enzymes and signaling proteins
glycocalyx
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⼀Answer:- branching sugar groups attached to proteins and lipids
facing extracellular space; aids with cell-cell recognition
passive transport
⼀Answer:- no energy required; includes simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and osmosis
simple diffusion
⼀Answer:- type of passive transport; small molecules move across
plasma membrane (oxygen and CO2)
facilitated diffusion
⼀Answer:- type of passive transport; involves carrier and channel
proteins; movement of ions, lipids, glucose, and amino acids
osmosis
⼀Answer:- passive process involving water; moves from low to high
solute concentration
isotonic
⼀Answer:- solutions with the same solute concentration (net 0
change of water)
hypertonic
⼀Answer:- solutions having greater solute concentration than that of
cytosol (cell shrinks - loses water); salt concentration is greater outside
the cell
hypotonic
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⼀Answer:- solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of
the cytosol (cell swells - gains water); salt concentration is greater
inside the cell
types of active transport
⼀Answer:- active processes, sodium potassium pump, secondary
active transport
active processes
⼀Answer:- metabolic energy required from the cell; always move
from low to high concentration
sodium potassium pump
⼀Answer:- moves sodium and potassium across membrane; ideal
state = sodium outside, potassium inside; created by NaK pump; 1
ATP for every cycle (2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out)
secondary active transport
⼀Answer:- consumes ATP indirectly; picks up Na+ and glucose to
cross membrane (outside to inside)
symport (cotransport)
⼀Answer:- type of secondary active transport; 2 molecules move in
same direction
antiport
⼀Answer:- type of secondary active transport; molecules move in
different directions
EXSC223 exam 1 Questions with Detailed
Verified Answers
4 essential concepts in physiology
⼀Answer:- principle of complementarity, physiology uses gradients,
regulate protein function by regulating its shape, negative feedback
regulation is essential to homeostasis
all eukaryotic cells share what 3 major parts?
⼀Answer:- nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
cholesterol
⼀Answer:- helps stabilize plasma membrane; weakly polar
glycolipids
⼀Answer:- attached to sugar groups
integral membrane proteins
⼀Answer:- expands the thickness of the membrane; involved in
transportation (channels and carriers)
peripheral membrane proteins
⼀Answer:- attached to integral proteins (not embedded in
membrane); often enzymes and signaling proteins
glycocalyx
, Page | 2
⼀Answer:- branching sugar groups attached to proteins and lipids
facing extracellular space; aids with cell-cell recognition
passive transport
⼀Answer:- no energy required; includes simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and osmosis
simple diffusion
⼀Answer:- type of passive transport; small molecules move across
plasma membrane (oxygen and CO2)
facilitated diffusion
⼀Answer:- type of passive transport; involves carrier and channel
proteins; movement of ions, lipids, glucose, and amino acids
osmosis
⼀Answer:- passive process involving water; moves from low to high
solute concentration
isotonic
⼀Answer:- solutions with the same solute concentration (net 0
change of water)
hypertonic
⼀Answer:- solutions having greater solute concentration than that of
cytosol (cell shrinks - loses water); salt concentration is greater outside
the cell
hypotonic
, Page | 3
⼀Answer:- solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of
the cytosol (cell swells - gains water); salt concentration is greater
inside the cell
types of active transport
⼀Answer:- active processes, sodium potassium pump, secondary
active transport
active processes
⼀Answer:- metabolic energy required from the cell; always move
from low to high concentration
sodium potassium pump
⼀Answer:- moves sodium and potassium across membrane; ideal
state = sodium outside, potassium inside; created by NaK pump; 1
ATP for every cycle (2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out)
secondary active transport
⼀Answer:- consumes ATP indirectly; picks up Na+ and glucose to
cross membrane (outside to inside)
symport (cotransport)
⼀Answer:- type of secondary active transport; 2 molecules move in
same direction
antiport
⼀Answer:- type of secondary active transport; molecules move in
different directions
