Nutrition and Dietetics Final Exam
Latest Update With Complete
Solutions 2025|2026
What is health? CORRECT ANSWERS Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Six categories of nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Lipids/Fats
Water
Objectives of Diet and Nutrition CORRECT ANSWERS 1- Energetic: provide energy
required for all metabolic processes and also for physical activities
2- Plastic: formation and maintenance of structures
3- Regulatory: regulation of metabolic processes
What does diet depend on? CORRECT ANSWERS Availability
Selection (depending on economic-educational factors, habits, traditions, etc.)
Appetite
Nutritional needs
Difference between diet and nutrition CORRECT ANSWERS Diet: voluntary, aware, can
be taught (choice)
Nutrition: Involuntary, unaware, cannot be taught
Food Components CORRECT ANSWERS Primary components: nutrients
Secondary components: responsible for what food looks like --> color, smell,
flavor/taste, texture
Macronutrients CORRECT ANSWERS provide bulk energy for metabolic system to
function
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Micronutrients CORRECT ANSWERS provide necessary cofactors for metabolism;
protective and regulatory functions
Minerals
Vitamins
,Essential nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS cannot be synthesized internally at all, or in
sufficient quantities, so must be consumed from outside source
Nonessential nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS can be generated by body although they
may also often be absorbed from food
How are proteins broken down during digestion? CORRECT ANSWERS proteins
broken down into peptides in stomach, then broken into amino acids which are
absorbed thu small intestine
How are lipids digested? CORRECT ANSWERS digested mainly in small intestine thru
bile salts through emulsification, which allows lipases to divide lipids into fatty acids and
monoglycerides
-enter bloodstream through micelles and recombine into chylomicrons
Carbohydrates CORRECT ANSWERS C, H, O compounds
Also called sugars or saccharides
Converted into glucose, transported by blood and used by cells
Provide energy
Can be stored as glycogen in liver
Monosaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS ‐ They are the simplest carbohydrates
‐ Made of a polyhydroxiketone or
polyhydroxialdehide molecule.
‐ Examples:
» Glucose
» Fructose
» Galactose
» Ribose and deoxyribose
» Sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xilitol,
» Alcohol (ethanol): provides
7 Kcal/g
Oligosaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS - Composed of short chains of
monosaccharides
- Disaccharides are the most important
- Examples:
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
• Dextrins
Polysaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS -complex carbs
-composed of numerous monosaccharide molecules‐ Types:
• Digestible polysaccharides: They provide energy
‐ Starch
, ‐ Glycogen
• Non
‐digestible polysaccharides: Fiber
‐ Cellulose
‐ Hemicellulose
‐ Pectins
‐ Agar
‐ Gums and Mucilage
Functions of carbohydrates CORRECT ANSWERS -Energy supply: provide 4 kcal/g
-stored as glycogen
-save using other nutrients like lipids and proteins
-regulate GI functions
Carb digestion CORRECT ANSWERS to digest carbs, need:
-pytalin
-pancreatic juice
-intracellular enzymes
saccharide digestion begins in the mouth
Carb nutritional requirements CORRECT ANSWERS 55-60% of the total dietary energy
-preferable to consume complex carbs (fiber, starch, lactose, sucrose)
Lipids CORRECT ANSWERS -main caloric reserve
-C, H, O compounds
-insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (i.e. ether and chloroform)
• Examples:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• CIS Fatty acids
Triglyceride CORRECT ANSWERS -can be fats and oils
-composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids connected by ester bonds
Types:
-saturated
-MUFA (monounsaturated)
-PUFA (polyunsaturated)
Essential fatty acids CORRECT ANSWERS -have to be supplied by food
- Examples:
• Oleic acid (olive oil)
• Linoleic acid (seed oils) (ω‐6)
• Linolenic acid (soya bean oil) (ω‐3)
• ω‐3 acids (oily fish)
Latest Update With Complete
Solutions 2025|2026
What is health? CORRECT ANSWERS Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Six categories of nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS Carbohydrates
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Lipids/Fats
Water
Objectives of Diet and Nutrition CORRECT ANSWERS 1- Energetic: provide energy
required for all metabolic processes and also for physical activities
2- Plastic: formation and maintenance of structures
3- Regulatory: regulation of metabolic processes
What does diet depend on? CORRECT ANSWERS Availability
Selection (depending on economic-educational factors, habits, traditions, etc.)
Appetite
Nutritional needs
Difference between diet and nutrition CORRECT ANSWERS Diet: voluntary, aware, can
be taught (choice)
Nutrition: Involuntary, unaware, cannot be taught
Food Components CORRECT ANSWERS Primary components: nutrients
Secondary components: responsible for what food looks like --> color, smell,
flavor/taste, texture
Macronutrients CORRECT ANSWERS provide bulk energy for metabolic system to
function
Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Micronutrients CORRECT ANSWERS provide necessary cofactors for metabolism;
protective and regulatory functions
Minerals
Vitamins
,Essential nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS cannot be synthesized internally at all, or in
sufficient quantities, so must be consumed from outside source
Nonessential nutrients CORRECT ANSWERS can be generated by body although they
may also often be absorbed from food
How are proteins broken down during digestion? CORRECT ANSWERS proteins
broken down into peptides in stomach, then broken into amino acids which are
absorbed thu small intestine
How are lipids digested? CORRECT ANSWERS digested mainly in small intestine thru
bile salts through emulsification, which allows lipases to divide lipids into fatty acids and
monoglycerides
-enter bloodstream through micelles and recombine into chylomicrons
Carbohydrates CORRECT ANSWERS C, H, O compounds
Also called sugars or saccharides
Converted into glucose, transported by blood and used by cells
Provide energy
Can be stored as glycogen in liver
Monosaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS ‐ They are the simplest carbohydrates
‐ Made of a polyhydroxiketone or
polyhydroxialdehide molecule.
‐ Examples:
» Glucose
» Fructose
» Galactose
» Ribose and deoxyribose
» Sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xilitol,
» Alcohol (ethanol): provides
7 Kcal/g
Oligosaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS - Composed of short chains of
monosaccharides
- Disaccharides are the most important
- Examples:
• Sucrose
• Lactose
• Maltose
• Dextrins
Polysaccharides CORRECT ANSWERS -complex carbs
-composed of numerous monosaccharide molecules‐ Types:
• Digestible polysaccharides: They provide energy
‐ Starch
, ‐ Glycogen
• Non
‐digestible polysaccharides: Fiber
‐ Cellulose
‐ Hemicellulose
‐ Pectins
‐ Agar
‐ Gums and Mucilage
Functions of carbohydrates CORRECT ANSWERS -Energy supply: provide 4 kcal/g
-stored as glycogen
-save using other nutrients like lipids and proteins
-regulate GI functions
Carb digestion CORRECT ANSWERS to digest carbs, need:
-pytalin
-pancreatic juice
-intracellular enzymes
saccharide digestion begins in the mouth
Carb nutritional requirements CORRECT ANSWERS 55-60% of the total dietary energy
-preferable to consume complex carbs (fiber, starch, lactose, sucrose)
Lipids CORRECT ANSWERS -main caloric reserve
-C, H, O compounds
-insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (i.e. ether and chloroform)
• Examples:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol
• CIS Fatty acids
Triglyceride CORRECT ANSWERS -can be fats and oils
-composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids connected by ester bonds
Types:
-saturated
-MUFA (monounsaturated)
-PUFA (polyunsaturated)
Essential fatty acids CORRECT ANSWERS -have to be supplied by food
- Examples:
• Oleic acid (olive oil)
• Linoleic acid (seed oils) (ω‐6)
• Linolenic acid (soya bean oil) (ω‐3)
• ω‐3 acids (oily fish)
